The Most important events in the 20th centuries.

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20 June 1837 Victoria became queenat the age of 18 after the death of her uncle, William IV. She reigned for more than 60 years, longer than any other British monarch. Her reign was a period of significant social, economic and technological change, which saw the expansion of Britain's industrial power and of the British Empire.

1 August 1838 slavery was abolishedin the British Empire.

28 March 1854Britain and France declares war on Russia and theCrimean Warbegan.The Crimean War was fought between the Russians and an alliance of the British, French and Turks who feared Russian expansion in the Balkans. Notable battles included those at Sebastopol, Balaclava and Inkerman. Russia was forced to sue for peace (просить мира), and the war was ended by the Treaty of Paris in March 1856.

10 October 1899 Second Boer War begins in South Africa.After the First Boer War in 1880-1881, the Boers (farmers of European origin) of the Transvaal (a province in South Africa) forced the British government to recognize their independence. The war ended in May 1902 with a Boer surrender. It was a costly and unpopular war and Britain received much international criticism for its use of concentration camps.

22 January 1901Queen Victoria diedat the age of 81 on the Isle of Wight.

The achievements of the Victorian Period:

¾ Industrial revolution;

¾ Rise of the Middle Class with its values (soberness, diligence, accuracy, economy and thrift- хозяйственность);

¾ Victoria’s personal example of commitment to duty and family;

¾ Parliament reform;

¾ School reform (compulsory education for children under ten);

¾ Introduction of voting by secret ballot;

¾ Introduction of universal vote for males;

¾ Attempt to reduce death rates under the Public Health Act;

¾ The Great Exhibition (first world-wide exhibition) in Hyde Park;

¾ Introduction of post stamps.

•15 April 1912. The 'Titanic', the largest vessel in the world, sinks with the loss of 1,503 lives due to the collision with an iceberg on its way from Southampton to New York

• 4 August 1914. Britain declares war on Germany in response to the invasion of Belgium. Britain, as guarantor of Belgian neutrality, told Germany to withdraw. The ultimatum expired on 4 August and Britain declared war.

• 8 June 1922 Irish Civil War breaks out. It was provoked by the Anglo-Irish Peace Treaty, which created a limited 'Free State' within the British Empire. The war ended in victory for the proponents of the treaty.

• 19 October 1926. Australia, New Zealand, Canada and South Africa are recognized as autonomous.

• 30 September 1928. Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin.

• 3 September 1939. Britain declares war on Germany in response to the invasion of Poland being committed to the Anglo-Polish Treaty. In 1945 the victory was won within the coalition of several anti-fascist states (the USA, the UK, the USSR etc.)

• 15 August 1947. India gains independence from Britain.

• 18 April 1949. Republic of Ireland comes into being gaining independence from the British Empire under the Republic of Ireland Act.

• 6 February 1952. Elizabeth II (the current Queen of the UK) succeeds her father, George VI.

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