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U.S. District Courts

There are 94 U.S. District Courts in the United States. Every state has at least one district court, and some large states, such as California, have as many as four. Each district court has between 2 and 28 judges. The U.S. District Courts are trial courts, or courts of original jurisdiction. This means that most federal cases begin here. U.S. District Courts hear both civil and criminal cases. In many cases, the judge determines issues of law, while the jury (or judge sitting without a jury) determines findings of fact.

U.S. Circuit Courts of Appeal

There are 13 U.S. Circuit Courts of Appeal in the United States. These courts are divided into 12 regional circuits and sit in various cities throughout the country. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (the 13th Court) sits in Washington. These courts will examine the trial record for only mistakes of law; the facts have already been determined by the U.S. District Court. Therefore, the court usually will neither review the facts of the case nor take any additional evidence. When hearing cases, these courts usually sit in panels of three judges.

U.S. Supreme Court

The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest court if the nation and the court of last resort. It consists of a Chief Justice and eight associate justices, all of whom are appointed for life by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. The main duty of the Supreme Court is to decide whether laws passed by Congress agree with the Constitution. Sitting as a court of first instance it considers cases connected with religion, privacy rights, race and sex discrimination.

Special Article III Courts

1. U.S. Court of Claims: This court sits in Washington, D.C., and considers cases involving suits against the government.

2. U.S. Court of International Trade: This court sits in New York and hears cases involving tariffs and international trade disputes.

Special Courts Created by Congress

1. Magistrate judges: These judges deal with certain criminal and civil matters, often with the consent of the parties.

2. Bankruptcy courts: These courts hear cases arising under the Bankruptcy Code.

3. U.S. Court of Military Appeals: This court is the final appellate court for cases arising under the Uniform Code of Military Justice.

4. U.S. Tax Court: This court considers cases arising over alleged tax deficiencies.

5. U.S. Court of Veterans' Appeals: This court handles certain cases arising from the denial of veterans' benefits.

Читайте також:

1. Courts of the subjects of the Russian Federation.

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