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Example: 0 - WITH

Certain characteristics of the work setting have been associated (0) ………. injury. These characteristics are known (1) ……… task physical, referring to the interaction between the worker and the work setting, and environmental, referring to the interaction between the worker and the environment. Task physical characteristics (2) ……… a workplace such as a modern office are likely to be related to posture, repetition, duration and recovery time. Environmental characteristics may be related to heat or cold stress, lighting and, more rarely, noise.

Posture is the position of the body while performing work activities. Awkward posture is associated with an increased risk of injury. It is generally considered that the moment a joint deviates (3) ……… the natural position, the risk of injury increases and there are specific postures (4) ……… have been associated with certain types of injury, for example, (5) ……… the wrist while bending it up and down or from side to side. The neck can be injured by bending it forward or to the back, or side bending as when holding a telephone to the shoulder. Back injuries may occur when bending (6) ……… the waist or twisting. (7) ……… industrialization, the trend regarding lighting has been to provide higher lighting levels. This has proved hazardous within certain work settings such as in offices in which problems of glare and sight problems have been associated with bright lighting. The current recommended trend is for low-level background light coupled with non-glare task lighting which can be controlled.

Noise is an unwanted sound and can cause many problems in an industrial setting. In an office, (8) ………, noise levels that are well below thresholds that cause hearing loss may interfere (9) ……… the ability of some people to concentrate, as indeed (10) ……… other factors such as mental loading, decision making or invariability of tasks.

Ergonomic solutions (11) ……… these problems may include providing chairs with wrist and foot rests or moving workstations to minimize glare (12) ……… providing window coatings and blinds to further reduce glare in some areas. (13) ……… are only a few of the ways to ensure that workers can be more comfortable at their jobs and will be able to spend more time at their workstations. Injuries would be reduced and (14) ……… would be a commensurate reduction (15) ……… workers’ compensation costs.

4. For questions 1-7, read the article about the changes in the office and answer the questions below.

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