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IV. Reading Activities.

a) Pre - reading Stage.

- Translate the following words and word-combinations, use the dictionary.

Section, detection, measurement, enzyme, immunochemistry, serum, array, substance, lipids, yeast, fungi, parasites, susceptibility, pathogenic bacteria, faece, analytes.

- Use them in collocations of your own.

b) While reading Stage.

- Read the following text, and make up a table.

The medical laboratory is typically divided into sections that perform related groups of tests. The standard laboratory sections include, but are not limited to:

Clinical chemistry: the study of body chemistry and the detection and measurement of chemicals such as hormones, enzymes, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, metals, and drugs. The chemistry department has subspecialties that include enzymology, toxicology, and immunochemistry.

Hematology: the study of red and white blood cells, including their concentration and morphology (appearance and stages of growth), and the measurement of hemoglobin (iron-bearing protein in the blood) and other substances in the blood that may help diagnose bleeding and coagulation problems, anemia, infection, and various other illnesses including cancer. In large laboratories it is common practice to combine the automated components of both clinical chemistry and hematology into one section that is staffed by personnel who are skilled in both disciplines.

Microbiology: the study of microorganisms, and the isolation and identification of disease-causing bacteria, yeasts, fungi, parasites, and viruses. Microbiologists also determine the antibiotic susceptibility of pathogenic bacteria that are grown from clinical specimens. Parasitology is a microbiology unit that investigates parasites. The most frequently encountered specimen here is faeces. However, blood, urine,

sputum, and other samples may also contain parasites.

Virology is concerned with identification of viruses in specimens such as blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid.

Hematology works with whole blood to do full blood counts, and blood films as well as many other specialised tests.

Coagulation requires citrated blood samples to analyze blood clotting times and coagulation factors.

Clinical Biochemistry usually receives serum or plasma. They test the serum for chemicals present in blood. These include a wide array of substances, such as lipids, blood sugar, enzymes, and hormones.

Toxicology mainly tests for pharmaceutical and recreational drugs. Urine and blood samples are submitted to this lab.

Immunology/Serology uses the concept of antigen-antibody interaction as a diagnostic tool. Compatibility of transplanted organs is also determined.

Immunohaematology, or Blood bank determines blood groups, and performs compatibility testing on donor blood and recipients. It also prepares blood components, derivatives, and products for transfusion. Regulated by the FDA since giving blood is considered a drug, this unit determines a patient's blood type and Rh status, checks for antibodies to common antigens found on red blood cells, and cross matches units that are negative for the antigen.

Urinalysis tests urine for many analytes. Some health care providers have a urinalysis laboratory, while others don't. Instead, each component of the urinalysis is performed at the corresponding unit. If measuring urine chemicals is required, the specimen is processed in the clinical biochemistry lab, but if cell studies are indicated, the specimen should be submitted to the cytopathology lab, and so on.

Histopathology processes solid tissue removed from the body (biopsies) for evaluation at the microscopic level.

Cytopathology examines smears of cells from all over the body (such as from the cervix) for evidence of inflammation, cancer, and other conditions.

c) Post-reading Stage.

- Make up 5 questions to the text and ask your partner.

- Choose key sentences to summarize the text.

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