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Responses

Affective and cognitive reactions may occur when one’s emotions and reactions are connected to a particular person or situation (Cargile and Giles, 1997). Both the Austrian study by Dalton-Puffer, et al. and the Dutch study by Broeders and Gussenhoven mentioned earlier displayed similar effects – a preference for that which one knows and feels comfortable with. Dalton-Puffer also cites a Japanese study (Chiba, et al , 1995) in which students rated the accents they recognized most easily (those that were most familiar), most positively (though not their indigenous variety). These conflicting results coincide with the social identity theory that people prefer their most salient in-group but are not immune to contact factors. The amount of experience and exposure are powerful factors regarding attitudes. A study done by Byrnes, Kiger, and Manning in 1997 showed that, among other things, the amount of experience a teacher had working with minority language children positively affected their language attitudes.

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