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Bioengineering

I. Walking and talking, seeing and hearing and many other common actions are a part of everyday life. However, scientists who work in the field of bioengineering - ____________________ -study in great detail the biological control systems that regulate these everyday actins. Some of these scientists help to build artificial limbs and organs for people whose natural body parts are missing or not functioning properly. _____________________ . Bioengineers may also use engineering methods to achieve biosynthesis of animal or plant products - such as for fermentation processes.

II. Before World War II the field of bioengineering was unknown. Little communication or interaction existed between the engineer and the life scientist. __________________. The agricultural engineer and the chemical engineer, involved in fermentation processes, have always been bioengineers since they deal with biological system and work with biologists. Mechanical engineers have worked with the medical profession for many years in the development of artificial limbs. Another area of mechanical engineering that falls in the field of bioengineering is the air-conditioning. Since the early 1920s engineers and physiologists were employed by the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers to study the effects of temperature on humans and to provide design criteria for heating and air-conditioning systems. Today there are many more examples of interaction between biology and engineering, particularly in the medical and life-support fields. There is an increasing recognition of the role the engineer can play in several of the biological fields, including human medicine. Bioengineering is developed out of specific desires or needs: the desire of surgeons to bypass the heart, the need for replacing organs, the requirement for life-support in space and many more. In most cases the early interaction and education were a result of personal contacts between a physician or a physiologist and an engineer. Engineers began to study also the methods and techniques __________________.

III. Bioengineering consists of the following branches:

1. ____________. It is concerned with medical problems, including the replacement of damaged organs, instrumentation, and the systems of health care.

2. Agricultural engineering. This branch deals with the problems of biological production and environment that influence this production.

3. Bionics. Bionics is the study of living systems so that the knowledge gained can be applied to the design of physical system.

4. Biochemical engineering. It includes fermentation engineering, application of engineering principles to microscopic biological systems that are used to create new products by synthesis.

5. Human-factors engineering. It concerns the application of engineering, physiology, and psychology to the optimization of the human-machine relationship.

6. Environmental health engineering. Also called bioenvironmental engineering, this field concerns the application of engineering principles to the control of the environment for the health, comfort and safety of human beings.

4.4.3. Read the text again and fill in the gaps with the following sentences.

1. Medical engineering.

2. A few exceptions, however, should be noted.

3. This aspect of bioengineering work is called biomedical engineering.

4. including biologists, physicists, engineers and physicians.

5. in medicine, physiology, psychology and biology.

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