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Read Text 2 about the popular programming languages and say what fields of programming these languages are used in?

Text 2

C++ is well-suited for large projects because it has an object-oriented structure. People can collaborate on one program by breaking it up into parts and having a small group or even one individual work on each part. The object-oriented structure also allows code to be reused a lot, which can cut down development time. C++ is also a fairly efficient language – although many C programmers will disagree. C is a popular language, especially in game programming, because it doesn't have the extra packaging of the object-oriented C++. Programmers use C because it makes programs slightly faster and smaller than programs written in C++.

Pascalis primarily a teaching language. Few industrial programs are written in Pascal. Pascal tends to use keywords instead of C-style braces and symbols, so it is a bit easier for beginners to understand than languages like C++. Still, not everyone thinks Pascal is just for the schools.

FORTRANis a number-crunching program, and it is still used by scientists because the language allows variables of any size up to the memory limit of the machine. FORTRAN is especially convenient for engineers, who have to mathematically model and compute values to high precision. Programming in FORTRAN, however, is rigid, with strict rules on whitespace and formatting, which sometimes makes reading FORTRAN programs difficult.

Javais a multi-platform language that is especially useful in networking. Of course, the most famous usage of Java is on the web, with Java applets, but Java is also used to build cross-platform programs that stand alone. Since it resembles C++ in syntax and structure, learning Java is usually quite easy for most C++ programmers. Java offers the advantages provided by object-oriented programming, such as reusability; on the other hand, it can be difficult to write highly efficient code in Java, and Swing, its primary user interface, is notoriously slow.

Perlwas originally a file management language for UNIX, but it has become well known for its use in CGI programming. CGI (Common Gateway Interface) is a term for programs that web servers can execute to allow web pages additional capabilities. Perl is great with regular expression pattern matching, which is a method for searching text. Perl can be used for databases and other useful server functions, and it is simple to pick up the basics if you have experience in any imperative language. Web hosting services prefer Perl over C++ as a CGI language because the web hosts can inspect Perl script files, since they're just text files, while C++ is compiled, so it can’t be inspected for potentially dangerous code.

PHP is designed for rapid website development, and as a result contains features that make it easy to link to databases, generate HTTP headers, and so forth. As a scripting language, it contains a relatively simple set of basic components that allow the programmer to quickly get up to speed, though it does have more sophisticated object-oriented features.

Of course, there are still many, many languages not discussed, a few major ones being Prolog, Tcl, Python, COBOL, Smalltalk, and C#. Those are generally related or similar to the programming languages described above. The take home message is that different programming languages have their advantages and disadvantages, and picking the appropriate language for the task is often an important step in the process of developing an application or program.

7. Decide if these sentences are true (T) or false (F) supporting your answers with information from the text:

1) C is popular in game programming because it has some extra packaging of the object-oriented C++.

2) Many industrial programs are written in Pascal.

3) Engineers find FORTRAN very convenient.

4) Java resembles C++ in syntax and structure.

5) Perl is originally a file management language for UNIX.

6) Using PHP a programmer can’t quickly get up to speed.

Work in groups of three. Discuss the following questions: 1) Which of these languages would you prefer to work with? 2) Which ones are least useful for you personally? Give reasons. Be ready to report the results to the group.

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