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Text 4. ROBOTIC SURGERY

Robotic surgery, computer-assisted surgery, and robotically-assisted surgery are terms for technological developments that use robotic systems to aid in surgical procedures. Robotically-assisted surgery was developed to overcome the limitations of minimally-invasive surgery and to enhance the capabilities of surgeons performing open surgery.

In the case of robotically-assisted minimally-invasive surgery, instead of directly moving the instruments, the surgeon uses one of five methods to control the instruments; either a direct telemanipulator or through computer control. A telemanipulator is a remote manipulator that allows the surgeon to perform the normal movements associated with the surgery. In computer-controlled systems the surgeon uses a computer to control the robotic arms and its end-effectors, though these systems can also still use telemanipulators for their input. One advantage of using the computerized method is that the surgeon does not have to be present, but can be anywhere in the world, leading to the possibility for remote surgery.

9. Complete the sentences using the information from text 4:

1) Robotically-assisted surgery is a term for …

2) A telemanipulator is …

3) One of the advantages of the robotic surgery is …

10. Read text 5 and answer the following questions:

1) What is speech recognition? 2) How do SR systems work? 3) What do speech recognition applications include?

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