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Power Plant

A. One of the most essential parts of any known airplane is its power plant. The aircraft power plant must be more reliable than a power plant used for any other purposes because heavier-than-air machines maintain flight only as long as the power plant functions properly.

B. For the first forty years of powered flight the piston engine was used almost exclusively as it could produce power enough to develop a higher speed compared with other types of engine then existing.

C. Nowadays there are many types of engines in use for various purposes. These engines have one thing in common. The energy is derived from a chemical reaction which takes place inside the engine itself. Therefore all the engines used in aircraft can be classed as internal combustion engines. In general, internal combustion engines may be divided into piston and jet engines.

D. The term "internal combustion piston engines" refers to engines in which air and gasoline are burnt inside the metal cylinders and which drive a rotating crankshaft by means of a piston and connecting rods. Since much heat is produced when the gasoline mixture burns or explodes, some means must be provided to carry away the excessive heat. According to the cooling system employed the piston engines may be classed as air-cooled and liquid-cooled engines.

E. The conventional piston engines are not suitable for speeds in excess of 500 miles per hour because of propeller limitations. It was necessary to develop power plants without propellers in order to drive airplanes at sonic and supersonic speeds. The modem trend in aircraft power plants is towards jet propulsion primarily because of the increased speeds and great heights possible with jet engines.

F. The term "jet engine" refers to any jet-propulsion device which utilizes air from the atmosphere and together with the combustion of a fuel produces the jet for propulsion. The operating principle is to induct air into the unit, to increase its pressure, to heat it to a high temperature by the combustion of a fuel and then eject the heated air with a high velocity.

G. Thermal jet engines may be classified into three main groups: the ramjet, the pulsejet, and the turbojet. A number of subdivisions and variations can be made to these main types. For example, jet engines may have a propeller. The combination of a turbine and a propeller is known as a turboprop. The combination of a turbine and a fan is a turbofan engine.

H. The other device that operates on jet principle is the rocket. Rocket engine is a device which is form jet engine in which all propellants forming the propulsive jet are within the vehicle itself. This is the essential difference between the rocket engine and the turbojets, which rely on atmospheric air to provide its exhaust mass. When used in a vacuum the rocket engine can maintain its thrust as well, and so provide a possible means of propulsion for interplanetary vehicles. Another characteristic of the rocket engine is its ability to provide very high thrust for the small size and weight of a vehicle.

I. The range of jet-propelled planes and rockets is limited by one thing - the weight of fuel that has to be carried. That limitation disappears when the fuel is atomic energy. The problem is to use atomic energy as a source of power. Two of the main problems connected with the use of atomic energy in aircraft are the design of efficient heat exchanger and the development of light shielding material to protect the crew from radiation.

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