1. When Culture (Latin: cultura, lit. "cultivation") first began to take its current usage by Europeans in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century, it connoted a process of cultivation or improvement, for example, in agriculture.
2. The etymology of the modern term "culture" has a classical origin.
3. In practice, culture referred to an élite ideal and was associated with such activities as art, classical music, and cuisine.
4. Matthew Arnold contrasted "culture" with "anarchy;" other Europeans, following philosophers Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, contrasted "culture" with "the state of nature".
5. American anthropology is organized into four fields, each of which plays an important role in research on culture: biological anthropology, linguistics, cultural anthropology and archaeology.
6. In a recent review of the major research on human and primate tool-use, communication, and learning strategies, Tomasello argues that the key human advances over primates (language, complex technologies, and complex social organization) are all the results of humans cognitive resources.