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CIVIL ENGINEERING

Read the following text and fill in the gaps with the following words:

First the term “engineering” referred only to construction of military objects. Later, as the design of civilian structures such as (1) __________ and buildings became a technical discipline, the term ‘civil engineering’ entered the lexicon. This was done to distinguish between those specializing in the construction of such non-military projects and those involved in the older discipline of military engineering.

Civil engineering is a professional engineering (2) __________ that deals with the (3) __________, construction and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including bridges, roads, canals, dams and (4) __________ . Civil (5) __________ is the oldest engineering discipline after military engineering. It is traditionally broken into several sub-disciplines including environmental engineering, geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, transportation engineering, municipal or urban engineering, water resources engineering, materials engineering, coastal engineering, construction engineering. Civil engineering takes place on all levels: in the public sector from municipal through to federal levels, and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to international (6) __________ .

A civil (7) __________ (in English usage) is a person who practices civil engineering. Originally a civil engineer worked on public works projects and was contrasted with the military engineer, who worked on armaments and defenses.

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