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Read the text a part by part. Fill in the gaps with a suitable word from the boxes below.

Materials science is a (1) __________ that studies the properties of matter and its applications to various areas of science and (2) __________ . This science study the relationship between the structure of materials at atomic or molecular scales and their macroscopic properties. It includes elements of applied physics and (3)__________ . Nowadays scientists (4) __________ their attention on nanoscience and nanotechnology, so materials science has been introduced to many universities. It is also an (5) __________ part of forensic engineering and failure analysis. Materials science also deals with fundamental properties and (6) _________ of materials.

Materials (7) __________ is a very old scientific discipline. In ancient times the choice of the material gave the name to the era – for example the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, the Steel Age. Materials science is one of the oldest forms of (8) _________ and applied science, deriving from the manufacture of ceramics. Modern materials science evolved directly from metallurgy, which itself had evolved from mining. A major breakthrough in the understanding of materials occurred in the late 19th century, when the American (9) __________ Josiah Willard Gibbs demonstrated that the thermodynamic properties related to atomic structure in various phases are related to the physical (10) _________ of a material. Important elements of modern materials science are a product of the space race: the understanding and engineering of the metallic alloys, and silica and carbon materials, used in the construction of space vehicles. Materials science is driven by the development of revolutionary (11) __________ such as plastics, semiconductors, and biomaterials.

Before the 1960s many (12) __________ of materials science at universities were named “metallurgy” departments. It was because of the fact that from the 19th and to early 20th century scientists put emphasis on metals. Since that the field has broadened and now includes every class of (13) __________ - ceramics, polymers, semiconductors, magnetic materials, medical implant materials and biological materials (materiomics).

In materials science, the main aim is to (14) __________ materials in order to be able to create new materials with the desired (15) __________ .

Materials science divides materials into various classes. Each of this class may form a separate field. Materials are sometimes (16) _________ by the type of bonding between the atoms: Ionic crystals, Covalent crystals, Metals, Intermetallics, Semiconductors, Polymers, Composite materials, Vitreous materials.

Materials science can be (17) _________ into different disciplines that study different materials and their properties. For example:

• (18) __________ – the study of metals and their alloys, including their extraction, microstructure and processing.
• (19) _________ – materials that are derived from and/or used with biological systems.
• (20) _________ and magnetic materials – materials such as semiconductors used to create integrated circuits, storage media, sensors, and other electrical devices.
• Tribology – the study of the wear of materials due to friction and other factors.
• Surface science/Catalysis – interaction of materials and structures between solid-gas, solid-liquid or solid-solid interfaces.
• Ceramography – the study of the microstructures of high-temperature materials and refractories, including structural ceramics such as RCC, polycrystalline silicon carbide and transformation toughened ceramics.

· (21) __________ Science – the study of any non-crystalline material including inorganic glasses, vitreous metals and non-oxide glasses.

· Forensic materials engineering – the study of material failure;

· Etc… .

Materials science also study:

• Polymer properties, synthesis and characterization, for a specialized understanding of how polymers behave, how they are made, and how they are (22) _________ .
• Biomaterials, physiology, biomechanics, biochemistry, for a specialized understanding of how materials integrate into biological systems, e.g., through materiomics.
• Semiconductor materials and semiconductor devices, for a specialized understanding of the advanced processes used in (23) __________ (e.g. crystal growth techniques, thin-film deposition, ion implantation, photolithography), their properties, and their integration in electronic devices.
• Alloying, corrosion, thermal or mechanical processing, for a specialized treatment of metallurgical materials - with applications ranging from aerospace and industrial equipment to the civil industries.
• Etc… .

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