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A ROBOT IN A MODERN WORLD

Read the following text and fill in the gaps. Use the words from the boxes in each part:

A robot is an automatically guided (1) __________ which is able to do tasks on its own.

The word robot can refer to both physical robots and virtual software agents, but the latter are usually referred to as bots. There is no consensus on which machines qualify as robots, but there is general agreement among experts and the public that robots tend to do some or all of the following: move around, operate a mechanical limb, sense and (2) __________ their environment, and exhibit intelligent behavior, especially behavior which mimics humans or other animals.

Stories of artificial helpers and companions and attempts to (3) __________ them have a long history but fully autonomous machines only appeared in the 20th (4)__________. The first digitally operated and programmable robot, the Unimate, was installed in 1961 to lift hot pieces of metal from a die casting machine and stack them. Today, commercial and (5) __________ robots are in widespread use performing jobs more cheaply or with greater accuracy and reliability than humans. They are also employed for jobs which are too dirty, (6) __________ or dull to be suitable for humans. Robots are widely used in (7)__________ , assembly and packing, transport, (8) __________ and space exploration, surgery, weaponry, laboratory research, and mass production of consumer and industrial goods.

Nowadays it is difficult to compare numbers of robots in different (9) __________ , since there are different definitions of what a "robot" is. The International Organization for Standardization gives a (10) __________ of robot in ISO 8373: "an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose, manipulator programmable in three or more axes, which may be either fixed in place or mobile for use in industrial automation applications." This definition is used by the International Federation of Robotics, the European Robotics Research Network (EURON), and many national standards committees.

Modern robots are usually used in tightly controlled environments such as on (11) __________ lines because they have difficulty responding to unexpected interference. Because of this, most humans rarely encounter robots. However, domestic robots for cleaning and maintenance are increasingly common in and around homes in developed countries, particularly in Japan. Japan hopes to have full-scale commercialization of service robots by 2025. Much (12) __________ research in Japan is led by Japanese government agencies, particularly the Trade Ministry.

While there is no single correct definition of "robot," a typical robot will have several, or possibly all, of the following characteristics: it is an (13) __________ machine which has some ability to interact with physical (14) __________ and to be given electronic programming to do a specific task or to do a whole range of tasks or actions. It may also have some ability to perceive and absorb data on physical objects, or on its local physical environment, or to process data, or to (15) __________ to the changes of its environment. This is in contrast to a simple mechanical device such as a gear or a hydraulic press or any other item which has no processing ability and which does tasks through purely mechanical processes and motion.

For robotic engineers, the physical appearance of a machine is less important than the way its actions are (16) __________ . The more the control system seems to have agency of its own, the more likely the machine is to be called a robot.

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