• Гідрологія і Гідрометрія
• Господарське право
• Економіка будівництва
• Економіка природокористування
• Економічна теорія
• Земельне право
• Історія України
• Кримінально виконавче право
• Медична радіологія
• Методи аналізу
• Міжнародне приватне право
• Міжнародний маркетинг
• Основи екології
• Предмет Політологія
• Соціальне страхування
• Технічні засоби організації дорожнього руху
• Товарознавство продовольчих товарів

Pre-heads.

The pre-head of a tune consists of the unaccented syllables before the first accented one, whether the latter is the nucleus or the beginning of the head. There are two types of pre-head, the low pre-head and the high pre-head.

The Low Pre-head.

All the syllables in the low pre-head are said on the same rather low pitch.

E.g. It was an unusually dark night.

The pitch (like that of the low head) is not usually so low as that of a final fall, but it must never be higher than the starting pitch of the first accented syllable. Before the two falls, the Rise-Fall, the High Rise and the Fall Rise it must be lower than the starting pitch of the nucleus; and before the stepping head and the sliding head it must be lower than the initial pitch of the head.

E.g. You’re a fool. I was at school.

Oh, do you, indeed? Did you see him?

You’ll be late. He can be absolutely infuriating.

It was an expensive oversight.

Before the Low Rise and the low head, the low pre-head is on the same pitch level as the start of the rise or the head.

E.g. I believe so.You’re looking very smart.

Before the stepping and sliding heads the low pre-head may contain stressed syllables, but these are not to be considered accented.

E.g. The man was perfectly right.

The address is reasonably clear.

It is usual for such stresses to be weakened if not wholly suppressed.

Unstressed syllables in the low pre-head are not marked at all; any unmarked syllables at the beginning of a sense group are therefore taken to belong to the low pre-head. Stressed syllables in the low pre-head, if they occur, are marked by placing the symbol [ ˙ ] immediately before them. The following examples are thus completely marked:

I was at ^\school.

It was an ex^æpensive ^\/over_sight.

The ˙man was ^perfectly _\right.

The High Pre-head.

In the high pre-head all syllables are said on the same relatively high pitch.

E.g. But you can’t do that.

The high pre-head never contains stressed syllables since these, on a high pitch, would immediately become accented; nor is the high pre-head ever very long, rarely containing more than two or three syllables. It is also very much less common than the low pre-head. The high pre-head before a High Fall is said on the same pitch as the beginning of the fall.

E.g. You didn’t! It was amazing.

Before any other nuclear tone or any head the high pre-head is said on a pitch higher than the beginning of the following accented syllable.

E.g. Low Fall: The brute! Rise-Fall: It was amazing!

Low Rise: Hullo. High Rise: At eleven?

Fall-Rise: It wasn’t. Low Head: It’s an extraordinary thing.

Stepping Head: I can’t be bothered.

Sliding Head: He’s the queerest chap.

The symbol [ ¯ ] is used to denote the high pre-head and it is placed before the first word of the sense group. All syllables following this symbol and preceding the next tone mark are taken to belong to the high pre-head. The examples given above are completely marked as follows:

¯But you _ııcan’t do _/that.

¯You ^\didn’t!

¯It was a^\mazing!

¯The _\brute!

¯It was a^mazing!

¯Hul_/lo.

¯At e^/leven?

¯It ^\/wasn’t.

¯It’s an ex _ııtraordinary _/thing.

¯I ^can’t be _\bothered.

¯He’s the ^æqueerest ^\/chap.

Переглядів: 755