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Blood clotting system

There are 12 factors of blood clotting system (see normal physiology). This process may show schematically as conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin under action of thrombin.

Thrombin is formed from prothrombin. Prothrombin is formed from preprothrombin in liver. Preprothrombin is converted to prothrombin under influence of vitamin K. Prothrombin is converted to thrombin under action of calcium

Blood dissolution system

Plasmin is secreted in inactive state as plasminogen. There is an activator of plasminogen in blood plasma. It is in inactive form too. Under action of kallikrein and XII factor inactive activator of plasminogen is converted to active one and subsequently activates plasminogen to plasmin. Plasmin dissolves thrombus.

Thus, inactive activator of plasminogenàactive activator of plasminogenàplasminogenàplasminàdissolution of thrombus

Complement system

Plasma contains approximately 20 proteins of complement system. The major proteins are designated C1-9. The details of this system are relatively complex, and a textbook of immunology should be consulted. The basic concept is that the activation of proteins. It results in cell lysis and generation of peptide or polypeptide fragments that are involved in inflammation. The system has other functions, such as clearance of antigen-antibody complexes from the circulation.

Activation of complement system is triggered by 2 routes called the classic and the alternative pathways. First involves interaction of C1 with antigen-antibody complexes, and the second (not involving antibody) involves direct interaction of bacterial cell surfaces with C3q

Nitrogen-less substances of blood plasma include lipids, glucose and products of their metabolism. For example, ketone bodies (0.2-0.6mM/L), total lipids (4-7g/L), total cholesterol (4-7mM/L), TAG (0.5-2.0mM/L), phospholipids (1.5-3.0g/L) and FFA. The normal level of glucose makes up 3.4-6.1mM/L; pyruvic acid 0.07-0.14mM/L; lactic acid (0.4-1.8mM/L).

Hyperglycemia is observed in diabetes mellitus. Hypoglycemia is observed in overdosing of insulin, starvation. Increase of pyruvic and lactic acids is observed in lack of vitamin B1, hypoxia. Increase of cholesterol is observed in atherosclerosis. Increase of ketone bodies is observed in diabetes mellitus and starvation.

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