Phosphorus

This element occurs in fish and sea-products and also in milk and meat. It is stored as calcium in bones and teeth in the kind of apatit. Biologic role: 1) takes part in bones and teeth formation with calcium; 2) it is a part of phosphoproteins, phospholipids, ATP, DNA, RNA, different nucleotides and their derivatives.

The normal level of total phosphorus is 3-5mM/L; inorganic phosphorus – 0.67-1.5mM/L. Increase of phosphorus is observed in hypofunction of parathyroid glands, hypervitaminosis D. Decrease of phosphorus is observed in hyperfunction of parathyroid glands and hypovitaminosis D.

Magnesium:food source – millet, walnut, peas, string bean. Mg is stored in bones and teeth in the kind of phosphate and carbonate’s salts. The biologic role of Mg: 1) activator of kinases and phosphatases; 2) stimulation of peristalsis of intestine; 3) it participates in nerve impulse transmission; 4) relaxes muscles incl. Vessels; 5) participates in glycolysis

Chlorine:food source – NaCl. It is stored in skin in the kind of NaCl. The biologic role: 1) formation of HCl of gastric juice; 2) participates in nerve impulse transmission; 3) maintains osmotic pressure; 4) regulates acid-base balance

Sulfur:food source – onion, garlic, meat. Sulfur is constituent of keratin, glutathione, methionine, all proteins, esterosulfuric acids. So, it is stored in skin and hairs, nails. The biologic role: 1) structural; 2) detoxification; 3) antioxidant

Iron:food source – meat, liver, kidneys. Plant iron is badly absorbed. Iron is stored in the kind of ferritin in liver. Transferrin is transport form of iron. Iron is a constituent of hemoglobin, myoglobin, catalase, peroxidase, cytochromes, iron-sulfur proteins.

Fluorine:food source is water and sea-products. It is stored in bones and teeth in the kind of fluoride-apatites – Ca10(PO)4F2. The biologic role is structural one. Lack of fluorine results in caries; excess of fluorine results in fluorosis.

Microelements

Iodine: food source is water and sea-products. It is stored in thyroid gland in the kind of thyroid hormones (you should revise formation of thyroid hormones). The role is function in thyroid hormones

Copper: food source is liver. It stored in liver too. Transport form is ceruloplasmin. The biologic role: 1) antioxidant role of ceruloplasmin and superoxidedismutase; 2) ceruloplasmin is a protein of acute phase; 3) copper is a constituent of copper-enzyme of skin, superoxidedismutase, cytochrome oxydase; 4) it participates in heamatogenesis and growth

Zinc: food source – cucumbers, liver. It is stored in liver and erythrocytes, gonads and pancreas. The biologic role: 1) stimulates gonads; 2) insulin, superoxide dismutase, carboxypeptidase, carbonic anhydrase contain this element

Cobalt: food source – sherry, cabbage, beet, liver. It is stored in liver. Cobalt is a constituent of vitamin B12. Hence is its role (in methylation and therefore in heamatogenesis, cells division)

Selenium: food source is water, black bread, garlic. It is stored in retina, heart, kidneys. the biologic role: 1) it is a constituent of glutathioneperoxidase (antioxidant role); 2) antitumor function (directly and indirectly); 3) vision; 4) prevents myocardium from infarction

Other macro- and microelements and available information see in textbooks on biochemistry

<== попередня сторінка	\|	наступна сторінка ==>
Acidosis and alkalosis	\|	Water metabolism

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