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EMERGENCY POSITION INDICATING RADIO BEACON (EPIRB)

EPIRBs are to be mounted near the navigating bridge in such a manner that they can float free and activate automatically in case of rapid sinking. There are basically two types of EPIRBs, the 406 EPIRB and the L-band (Inmarsat-E) EPIRB. Both are satellite based EPIRBS. A new VHF DSC EPIRB is planned for use after 1 February 1999, which will be limited to coastal areas.

The 406 EPIRB is satellite based, transmitting on 406.025 MHz and on 121.5 MHz for homing by SAR aircraft. There are two categories of 406 EPIRB. Category 1 EPIRBs must be able to float free and activate automatically as well as manually. Category 1 EPIRBs are required by GMDSS. Category 2 EPIRBs may be carried as a second EPIRB or for storage in a survival craft.

All EPIRBs must be able to float in an upright position, with antenna deployed, and have a flashing strobe light to assist visual locating by rescue craft. The operating light of an EPIRB battery shall be at least 48 hours continuous operation. Battery life is typically five years.

The 406 EPIRB sends its signal to an orbiting COSPAS-SARSAT satellite, which stores the EPIRB message until it can be downloaded to a land, based local user terminal (LUT) that computes the position before relaying to an RCC. Depending on the location along the orbit path, it can take from 60 to 90 minutes for the EPIRB message to reach the appropriate RCC. The 406 EPIRB signals can be received worldwide in any sea area. The 406 EPIRBs use a unique vessel identification code, which identifies the EPIRB and/or the EPIRB’s manufacturer. An RCC receiving an EPIRB alert can contact the EPIRB’s manufacturer or the RCC in the country of origin to obtain vessel’s identification. Each EPIRB therefore, whether new or transferred from another vessel, must be registered. In the USA NOAA as the COSPAS-SARSAT mission control agency maintains a database of all EPIRBS purchased in the USA. The information is available to any RCC of any nation.

The L-band EPIRB (INMARSAT-E) transmits on 1.6 GHz (earth to space) and relayed by INMaRSAT to the nearest RCC. INMARSAT-E is capable of transmitting more information regarding identity and type of distress than a 406 EPIRB. However, L-Band EPIRBS are limited to only the areas of INMARSAT coverage (70ºN to 70ºS).

Testing of EPIRBs is required monthly to ensure their readiness. Check the strobe light, battery due date, the mounting and the float free device. To prevent false alerts, after each test make sure the EPIRB is remounted before the control switch is returned to the “automatic” position.

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