Affixation

• scarcity of inflextions (-es, -ed, -ing, -er, -est) - not more than 12 all in all;

• homonymy (within and across parts of speech):

played (past indefinite) — played (Participle II)

talks (verb) — talks (noun)

• abundance of zero morphemes

2)sound interchange (morphological alteration)

• Replacive morph in the root of the word:

nouns: mouse — mice

verbs:choose — chose

pronouns:this — those

adjectives:old — elder

• sometimes accompanied by affixation:

lose — lost

3)suppletion (suppletive means).

pronoun:I — me; we — us

adjective:good — better; bad — worse

verb:be — am — is — are — was/were

Criteria for suppletivity:

• the roots should be absolute synonyms (not like in: ill – very sick – dead);

• no parallel non-suppletive forms with the same grammatical meaning: person/persons – people; cow/cows – ox/oxen – cattle;

• other words of the same grammatical class should build their forms non-suppletively: I – me, but: you – you, they – them, he – him.

Affixation is the most productive means of expressing a grammatical meaning. The number of grammatical suffixes is small (8). They are:-s, -ed, -ing, -er, -est, -en, -m (him, them, whom), zero. Sound interchange is a change of a sound in the root of the word. There exist two kinds of sound interchange – vowel and consonant ones (spend – spent). This type of form-building means is non-productive. In suppletive forms there is a complete change of the phonetic shape of the root. Suppletive forms belonging to the paradigm of a certain word were borrowed from different sources. Suppletive forms are found in the paradigm of such words as TO BE, TO GO, degrees of comparison of the adjectives GOOD, BAD and in case-forms of some pronouns. Блох notes that suppletivity can be recognized in the paradigm of some modal verbs too: CAN – BE ABLE, MUST – HAVE TO, MAY – BE ALLOWED. Moreover, he says that it can be observed in pronouns (ONE – SOME), NOUNS (INFORMATION – PIECES OF INFORMATION, MAN – PEOPLE). Suppletive forms are few in number, non-productive, but very important, for they are frequently used

Analytical forms were described as a combination of an auxiliary and a notional word.

This definition is not precise enough and due to its ambiguity such word-combinations as TO THE CHILD, MORE INTERESTING were treated as analytical forms. To define a true analytical form the theory of splitting of functions should be taken into account. There must be a splitting of functions between the elements of an analytical form. The first (auxiliary) element is the bearer of a grammatical meaning only. It is completely devoid of lexical meaning, and it is the second (notional) element that is the bearer of lexical meaning. This process can be complete (perfect form) or incomplete (continuous form). The idiomaticity of an analytical form is a characteristic of a true analytical form. An analytical form functions as a grammatical form of a word. Бархударов notices that “analytical forms have a specific feature, a specific morpheme which is called a discontinuous morpheme which comprises an auxiliary word and a form-building signal of a notional word. The root of a notional word is not included in the discontinuous morpheme (HAVE + -en ; BE + -ing).

CORRELATION BETWEEN VARIOUS MEANS OF FORM-BUILDING IN ENGLISH Analytical forms are much more typical of ME. Synthetic form-building means are few in number but widely used. Some grammatical suffixes are very productive. Analytical forms comprise synthetic forms. Although sound interchange is non-productive it is extensively used through the paradigm of the irregular verbs. Though suppletive forms are found through the paradigm of very few words they are very frequently used words.

Criteria for analytical forms:

• coexists with the synthetic forms of the same grammatical category. No category is represented only by analytical forms. There are no analytical words, but there are analytical forms of the word:

Is reading vs reads — is afraid cf afraid

• There should be no parallel synthetical forms with the same grammatical meaning. (Cf. Subjunctive I and the Suppositional Mood).

• An analytical form should possess absolute productivity.

• The meaning of the analytical form is global.

ME is not a purely analytical language, it is mainly analytical. Jespersen mentioned that “English is an ideal language. Analytical languages reflect a more developed mentality.

<== попередня сторінка	\|	наступна сторінка ==>
Means of form-building. Synthetic and analytical forms	\|	Parts of Speech. Principles of classification.

Не знайшли потрібну інформацію? Скористайтесь пошуком google:

Генерація сторінки за: 0.004 сек.