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The main types of phrases

According to the type of syntactic bond existing between immediate constituents, the main types are:

1. Subordinate. E.g. fond of reading; writing a letter

2. Coordinate. E.g. sooner or later; brother and sisters

3. Predicative. E.g. for you to go; for time permitting

Subordinate phrases usually consist of the head, which is an independent element, and an adjunct, which is a dependent constituent.

Subordinate phrases are subdivided into several groups into:

1. Noun phrases. E.g. a sleepless night.

2. Verb phrases. E.g. worked hard.

3. Adjective phrases. E.g. rich in oil.

4. Pronominal phrases. E.g. some more weak students.

5. Adverbial phrases. E.g. very well.

6. Participial & gerundial phrases. E.g. wasting the time.

According to their structure phrases are divided into:

1. simple or unextended, which usually consist of 2 notional words.
E.g. cold water, quite near

2. complex or extended, consisting of more than 2 notional words.
E.g. He ran hastily downstairs. – parental extension.
very cold water – continuing extension.

According to the place of the elements phrases can be continuousand discontinuous.

E.g. very warm wind – continuous.

“I’m ready”, said the boy cheerfully. – discontinuous.

Subordinate verb phrases occupy some specific place in the syntactic structure in modern English due to wide valency of the verb. There are 3 subclasses of the verb phrases.

1. The head of which can be expressed by transitive words. Adjuncts in such phrases are called objective compliments.
E.g. To read a good book was pleasure.

2. The head of which can be expressed only by intransitive verbs. Adjuncts in such phrases are called qualifying compliments.
E.g. She remained silent.

3. The head of which can be expressed by transitive and intransitive words. Adjuncts in such phrases are called extensions.
E.g. She regarded him fixedly.

Coordinate phrases

The main feature is the same syntactic function of their immediate constituents. It may be tested by the ability of any constituent to substitute the whole phrase.

E.g. They drove slowly in silence.

The means of expressing of syntactic bonds of coordinate phrase are 3 in number.

Coordinate conjunctions

Word order

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