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Semi-predicative / secondary predicative word groups

the boy's reading (Gerund)

The boy reads. the boy reading (Participle)

(for) the boy (to) read (Infinitive)

Phrase. Types of relations between its constituents.

Relations between the components of word groups:

(1) Coordination – between the elements related to one another on an equal rank:

• neither of them is the modifier of the other;

• the same role in the syntactic structure;

• syndetic:prose and poetry, quick but not careless;

• asyndetic: no sun, no moon; silent, immovable, gloomy;

• open (theoretically unlimited):

• a young man of sense, of character, of temper, of manners, and of fortune…

• closed (consisting only of two components):

• cold but clear, not only the teacher but also the students, both read and retell.

SUBORDINATION unites syntactically unequal elements:

• one is the modifier of the other;

• perform different functions in a syntactic structure;

• The principal element (the dominating, the modified one) – the kernel / headword;

• the subordinate one (the dominated one) – the adjunct / expansion / modifier.

a careful observer, seemingly careful, to writea letter, etc.

Order of components of subordinate word groups:

regressive (tail-head):

Modifier headword

an old brown stone house; fairly well;

to always object

progressive (head-tail):

Headword modifier

alist of names;

to hear of the news;

bad for one's health

Part-of-speech classification of subordinate word groups:

• nominal / substantival

real friends,this book, world leaders, people's customs; playing children, a candidate for the prize, the man downstairs, problems to solve,

• adjectival:very nice, ice cold, rich in minerals,

worth the trouble, easy to understand

• adverbial:quite safely, far away; readily enough

• verbal: hear voices, insist on coming, laugh happily,

stop to rest, return on Sunday, seem hopeful

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