Parenteral Administration

This type of administration is accomplished by injection through a syringe under the skin, into a muscle, into a vein or into a body cavity. There are several types of parenteral injections:

- Subcutaneous injection. This injection is sometimes called hypodermic, and is given just under several layers of skin.

- Intradermal injection. This shallow injection is made into the upper layers of the skin. It is used in skin testing for allergic reactions

- Intramuscular injection (I.M.). This injection is given into the muscle usually into the buttocks. When drugs are irritating the skin or a large volume of a long-acting drug is to be given, I.M. injections are advisable.

- Intravenous injection (I.V.). This injection is given directly into the veins. It is given when an immediate effect from the drug is desired or when the drug cannot be given into other tissues.

- Intrathecal injection is made in the case of anesthesia into the sheath of the spine marrow and the brain.

- Intracavitary injections are given into the body cavities: thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity and others.

Inhalation

In this method of administration, vapours, or gases are taken into the nose or mouth and are absorbed into the blood stream through the thin walls of the air sacks in the lungs (alveoli).

Topical Application

This is the local external application of drug on skin or mucous membranes of the mouth or other surfaces. It is commonly used to accelerate the healing of abrasions, for antiseptic treatment of a wound, and as an antipruritic (against itching). Lotions are used most often when the skin is moist, or “weeping”, and ointments and creams are used when the lesions are dry.

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Physiology of the cardiovascular system	\|

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