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Юриспунденкция

Topic of the lesson: The Noun

Nouns in Latin are characterized by the following grammatical categories:

1) Number, which is divided into singular and plural (numĕrus singularis [sing.] et numĕrus pluralis [pl.])

2) Latin nouns are identified by GENDER (masculine, feminine and neuter). Gender can be predicted for some words but not for others, so you will need to memorize the gender of each noun when you learn the word.

3) Instead of using word order to identify subject and other elements in a phrase or sentence, Latin uses forms, called CASES, which provide information about what each noun or adjective is doing in a phrase or sentence. Latin has six common cases. Each case may signal more than one function, but the most common uses are these:

4) Nouns in Latin fall into five regular groups, called DECLENSIONS according to the vowel which originally appeared at the end of the noun stem. Sound changes over time have made this vowel disappear in many of the forms. The easiest way to identify the declension of a noun is to look at the genitive singular case ending which is unique to each declension:

To find the stem of a noun, drop the genitive singular ending:

rib – costa – costae – I

groove– sulcus – sulci – II

cancer– cancer - cancri – II

skull– cranium – cranii – II

organ– organon – organi – II

tip– apex – apicis – III

duct– ductus – ductus – IV

horn– cornu – cornus – IV

face– facies – faciei - V

So, by the genitive case we must define the declension and the stem of the word – it is the main rule of Latin noun.

All endings of the noun are kept in THE DICTIONARY ENTRY, which lists the nominative singular form, the genitive singular form and the gender of the noun. The genitive singular form identifies the noun’s declension and the stem:

puella, puellae f – girl – Gen. sing. –ae – I declension, the stem is puell-

amīcus, amīci m – friend – Gen. sing. –i – II declension, the stem is amīc-

corpus, corpŏris n – body – Gen. sing. –is – III declension, the stem is corpor-

genu, genus n – knee – Gen. sing. –us – IV declension, the stem is gen-

facies, faciēi f – face – Gen. sing. –ei – V declension, the stem is faci-

THE STRUCTURE OF AN ANATOMICAL TERM

The anatomical terms are divided into one-word anatomical term and collocation anatomical term.

Several one-word anatomical terms are called one Latin word as in English. For example, cranium “skull”, femur “hip”, crus “shin”. These are the names of body parts: caput “head”, collum “neck”, truncus “trunk”, abdōmen “stomach”, pelvis “pelvis”, dorsum “back” and so on.

However, more often you will encounter collocation anatomical terms, which consist of two or more words.

The term which consists of two or more nouns is called no agreed definition. Inside this term the main (pivotal) word is in the nominative case, which defines the object; all other words are defined to it and are in the genitive case.

For example, body of rib. Here the main word is body, the modifier word is the rib. The dictionary entries in Latin are:

corpus, oris n – Nom.sing.

costa, ae f - Gen.sing.

at the result we have: corpus costae

Two types of subordinating connection found in the grammar of anatomical terminology, which are management and coordination.If the modifier (dependent) word in the term is a noun, it is made only in the genitive case. Such type of connection is called subordination control. Define nouns appearing in the phrase are called no agreed.

For example, the body of tongue in Latin will be corpus linguae.

EXERCISES

1. Determine the declension of the nouns, select the stem of the word:

apex, icis m; hiatus, us m; recessus, us m; tempus, oris n; ramus, i m; os, ossis n; bulla, ae f; frenulum, i n; facies, ei f; cranium, i n; auris, is f; dens, dentis m; cilium, i n; cervix, icis f, pars, partis f; frons, frontis f; caput, itis n; zygoma, atis n.

2. Translate the terms from Latin into English:

A) Arcus vertĕbrae, sulcus sinus, spina scapŭlae, os cranii, skeleton membri, manubrium sterni, crista tubercŭli, caput fibŭlae, collum costae, angŭlus mandibŭlae, arteria genus, processus radii, septum nasi, corpus tibiae, crista capĭtis costae, tubercŭlum costae, capitŭlum humĕri, corpus cerebelli, fundus utĕri.

B) Corpus costae, chorda tympăni, tuberositas ulnae, os digiti, caput mandibulae, raphe palati, caput radii, frenulum linguae, ligamentum patellae, tuberculum sellae, facies maxillae, foramen mandibulae, sulcus papillae, dorsum nasi.

3. Translate the terms from English into Latin, write down the dictionary entries of each word:

A) Body of the vertebra, joint of a shoulder, arch of aorta, head of a rib, neck of a scapula, base of a skull, handle of sternum, cavity of nose, protuberance of upper jaw, notch of lower jaw, neck of radius, capsule of ganglion, tubercle of saddle, condyle of humerus.

B) Muscle of neck, head of humerus, branch of nerve, base of knee-cap, seam of skull, nerve of brain, cavity of tympanum, vagina of process, back of saddle, head of radius, capsule of ganglion, horn of womb.

LEARN THE FOLLOWING WORDS:

ala, ae f – wing

angulus, i m – angle

aorta, ae f – aorta

arcus, us m – arch

arteria, ae f – artery

brachium, i n – shoulder

caput, itis n – head

cavitas, atis f – cavity

concha, ae f – shell

costa, ae f – rib

cornu, us n – horn

corpus, oris n – body

cranium, i n – skull

crista, ae f – crest

ductus, us m – duct

incisura, ae f – notch

lamina, ae f – plate

ligamentum, i n – ligament

linea, ae f – line

lingua, ae f – tongue

mandibula, ae f – lower jaw

maxilla, ae f – upper jaw

meatus, us m – passage

musculus, i m – muscle

os, ossis n – bone

raphe, es f – seam

scapula, ae f – scapula

septum, i n – septum

spina, ae f – spine

sulcus, i m – groove

tympanum, i n – tympanum

ulna, ae f – ulna

vena, ae f – vein

vertebra, ae f – vertebra

crus, cruris n – shin

digitus, i m – finger

genu, us n – knee

humerus, i m – humerus

manubrium, i n – manubrium

patella, ae f – knee-cap

radius, i m – radius

sternum, i n – sternum, breast-bone

tuba, ae f – tube

alveolus, i m – alveolus

bucca, ae f – cheek

frenulum, i n – frenulum

gingiva, ae f – gum

jugum, i n – ridge

labium, i n – lip

lingula, ae f – small tongue

papilla, ae f – papilla

articulatio, onis f - joint

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