Read and translate the text, match the headings with the paragraphs in the text.

1. The geographical structure of the Grand Tour.

2. The emergence of new classes of international travelers.

3. The origins of the Grand Tour.

4. The golden age of the Grand Tour.

Many writers place the origins of modern international tourism in the Grand Tour of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The primary objective of the Grand Tour was to provide young men of wealth and position with the basis of a classical education, by sending them on an extended visit to cultural centres in Europe—in France, Germany, Austria and, especially, Italy. The Renaissance in Europe endowed several nations with a pre-eminence in matters of arts, science and culture, but Italy combined a classical heritage with contemporary ideas and inventions, and its position as an intellectual centre in Europe ensured that for young men of wealth and power, an education could not be considered complete without an extended visit to its main cities.

Thus Venice, Padua, Florence and Rome formed a basis to an itinerary that, when extended to include other capitals of culture such as Paris and Vienna, provided the geographical structure for the Grand Tour.

The golden age of the Grand Tour is generally held to be the period between about 1760 and 1790, but references to similar journeys occur much earlier. The Elizabethan courtier Sir Philip Sydney embarked on a tour in 1572, the architect Inigo Jones went to Europe in 1613, the philosopher Thomas Hobbes in 1634 and the poet John Milton in 1638. These tours were probably comparatively short, but by the middle of the eighteenth century a tour might commonly occupy several years. Although the primary objective remained the completion of a formal education, there were evidently important elements of sightseeing too. Those undertaking the tour would have visited sites of antiquity, art collections, great houses, theatres and concert halls. It also became fashionable to combine travel with the purchase and collection of artefacts: paintings, sculpture, books and manuscripts. Here there are tempting parallels between these early patterns of visiting with their ‘souvenir’ collecting and later styles of modern tourism.

However, what had started as the preserve of social elite did not remain so for too long, and by the end of the Napoleonic Wars in Europe in 1815 there was already clear evidence of the emergence of new classes of international traveller, drawn not from the aristocracy but from the bourgeoisie. Because of their more limited budgets, the journey patterns of these new tourists were inevitably shorter and their activities more intensified. Sightseeing became more important than the cultivation of social contacts or the experience of culture. The emergence of new attitudes and ideas at this time also focused the attention of the tourists onto new resources and new tourist places. For example, regions such as the Alps would previously have been characterised as wild and dreadful places, populated by uncivilised peoples and forming major obstacles to travellers en route to the important attractions of Italy. However, the romantic movement of the early nineteenth century, and the popularizing of the picturesque, transformed public attitudes towards mountain landscapes and quickly promoted new tourist destinations in Switzerland and Alpine zones of France, Italy and Austria. The popularity (and accessibility) of these locations was enhanced still further once organized tours became established.

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