Текст 1

On the eastern side of Cathedral square stood the beautiful church of St. Nicholas, built by Alevisio Novi in 1506. The church was demolished in one night in 1817

by Alexander I who wanted to create a square to parade his troops but feared popular outrage at the church's destruction.

The building which stood opposite the St. Nicolas church survived - the lofty Ivan the Great Bell Tower.

This white building with its two golden domes is one of Moscow's great land-marks. The Italian architect Bon Fryazin created a tower in the form of two octagonal tiers crowned with a dome on a circular drum: this served not only as a place of worship but also as a strategic watch-tower.

The Bell Tower was increased to its final height of SI m by the ill-fated Boris Godunov in 1600. Around the top of the drum gold letters spell out the following in-scription: "By the will of the Holy Trinity, by the command of the Great Lord, Tsar and Grand Prince Boris Godunov, autocrat of all Russia, and of his son, the Orhto-dox Great Lord Fyodor Bonsovich (1589 - 1605), Tsarevich and Prince of All Russia, this church was completed and gilded in the second year of their reign" The extension of the Bell Tower was partly intended to provide work at a time of great economic crisis. It was built tor the church of Ivan Stratilatus, hence its name.

The gilded onion dome surmounted what was for many years the tallest structure in Russia. It could be seen from a distance of 30km and dominated the skyline of old Moscow The admiration of contemporaries was aroused not only by the height of the tower, but also by its striking beauty, its balanced proportions, and its perfection of form.

In 1532 - 43 Belfry was added to the Bell Tower. The final part, known as the Filaret Annexe dates from 1624. The rectangular tent roofed annexe takes its name from the man who commissioned it, Patriarch Filaret In 1812, when the French let! the Kremlin, they attempted to blow up the whole building, but fortunately only the Fularet's Annexe was badly damaged. Napoleon's solders also tore down the great cross and left a crack in the Bell Tower which withstood the blast.

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