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Insert prepositions where necessary.

1) Itis very difficult to generalize ... particular types of schools as schools differ from one ... the other.

2) These matters are left ... the local education authorities (LEAs) who pass the responsibility … … the school governing bodies, schools and head teachers.

3) Schooling for children is compulsory from 5 to 16, though some provision is made ... those under 5, and some pupils remain at school... the minimum leaving age of 16, to prepare... further or higher education.

4) The work is based ... the pupils' interests ... far... possible.

5) Primary children do all their work ... the same class teacher, except ... physical education and music, which are often taught by specialist teachers.

6) The junior stage extends ... 4 years.

7) Opposition ... streaming has increased in recent years, and nowadays some schools have modified forms of streaming.

8) Till recently, most junior schoolchildren had to sit ... the eleven-plus examination.

9) So the results of this exam affected... the child's future.

10) Nearly all the intelligence tests had a time limit... half... three quarters of an hour.

11) Though ... the pressure of progressive parents, teachers and educationists, the eleven-plus examination has now been abolished in most counties, the selective procedure ... the age of 11 is still preserved in some areas as children are admitted to different secondary schools ... the results of various intelligence tests (which substitute ... the abolished eleven-plus exam).

12) These schools were planned as academic equals ... grammar schools but specialized... technical subjects.

13) Secondary modern schools were formed in England in 1944 to provide a non-academic education … … the minimum school-leaving age of 16 for the children of lesser attainment.

14) In fact this kind of education is secondary only... name.

15) The selection of children at the age of 11 deprives many talented young people ... true educational opportunities.

16) Private coaching is known to produce good results, but the fees are high and accessible only... rich parents.

17) The selection procedure at the age of 11 aroused a lot of criticism ... the part of progressive people in the country.

18) Comprehensive are open ... all children of all types of ability ... a particular area.

19) If necessary, a pupil can change ... one course ... another without moving to another school.

20) Comprehensive education has become national policy in 1965 ... the Labour Government. But the Conservative Government which came ... power in 1979 is determined to reestablish selection in education.

21) Though ... law all children must receive full-time education between the ages of 5 and 16, formally each child can remain ... school for a further two or three years and continue his studies in the sixth form up to the age 18 or 19 ... the school believes he can meet the requirements.

22) The sixth-form curriculum offers considerable opportunities ... specialist study and is often aimed ... university entry. The curriculum is narrowed ... about 5 subjects of which the pupil will specialize... 2 or 3.

23) In addition ... their specialist studies, sixth-form pupils usually follow courses ... general education.

24) The main examinations for secondary school pupils ... present are the General Certificate of Education (the GCE exam) and the Certificate of Secondary Education (the CSE exam).

25) The GCE exam is held ... two levels, Ordinary level ("O" level) and Advanced level ("A" level).

26) ... modern languages there is also an oral examination.

27) GCE "A" level is usually taken... the end of the sixth form.

28) In fact students hoping ... a university must ensure that they take Subjects at "O" level and "A" level that meet the entry requirements ... their chosen course.

29) Three "A" levels are enough to gain entry... most universities.

30) From 1988 the present CSE and GCE "O" level exams are supposed to be combined ... a new General Certificate of Secondary Education ( the GCSE) exam.

31) According to official documents the modern educational system is supposed to provide equal opportunity ... all, but in fact it sustains inequality.

32) There are two main tendencies in the secondary education at present: 1) attempts ... its unification...

7. Complete the sentences using the words and phrases below.

1) Each school is responsible for its own organization and curriculum. Administration of state schools (maintained schools) is ....

2) ... are left to the local education authorities (LEAs) who pass the responsibility on to the school governing bodies, schools and head teachers.

3) Education within the maintained school system usually ... two stages -primary and secondary education.

4) Children are encouraged to read, write and make use of numbers (the three Rs - reading, writing 'rithmetic) and ....

5) In infant school... is rare.

6) In junior schools children have ... of Arithmetic, Reading, Composition, History, Geography, Nature Study and other subjects.

7) The lower streams followed a simplified curriculum,....

8) Till recently, most junior schoolchildren had to sit for the eleven-plus examination (which was important, for it... the primary stage of education and decided what kind of secondary school the child will attend.

9) The intelligence test... because it was supposed to determine the child's inborn abilities and his intellectual potential.

10) Though under the pressure of progressive parents, teachers and ..., the eleven-plus examination has now been abolished in most counties, the selective procedure at the age of 11 is still preserved in some areas.

11) They offer a general education with ... and serve those pupils who are more mechanically inclined.

12) In fact the ... of the technical school is often lower than that of the grammar school.

13) ... is known to produce good results, but the fees are high and accessible only to rich parents.

14) The necessity to organize a school that would accept all the children from a particular area without consideration of their inborn ability or aptitude ... in England and Wales.

15) Though streaming is preserved, in some comprehensive schools it is modified and made more flexible and some schools ... their pupils.

16) As the result of this policy some counties have retained the old selective system, some ... have turned their maintained schools into private schools.

17) Though by law all children must receive... between the ages of 5 and 16, formally each child can remain at school for a further two or three years and continue his studies in the sixth form up to the age 18 or 19.

18) Before leaving secondary school between the ages of 16 and 18 schoolchildren may take one of the two ....

19) "O" level candidates ... one of five grades ("A", "B", "C", "D", "E") or are ungraded.

20) The CSE exam taken after 5 years of secondary education by pupils who are of average ability, but... GCE standard.

21) Grade "1" - the highest grade-represents ... often by grade "C" of GCE "O" level.

to develop their creative abilities, private coaching, these matters, sets of examinations, unlikely to achieve, set periods, standing, to comprise, to cover less material, to become urgent, decentralized, authorities, a technical bias, the standard of performance covered, educationists, do not stream, to be awarded, to play the dominant role, subject teaching, to conclude, full-time education

8. Give definitions of the following terms:

· board of governers

· infant school

· junior school

· the three Rs

· subject teaching

· specialist teacher

· class teacher

· set period streaming

• mixed-ability class
• the eleven-plus examination
• intelligence test
• coaching
• all-through school
• two-tier school sixth-form college/tertiary college
• first school - middle school - upper school
• specialist study
• course in general education
• external examination
• internal examination
• "pass" grade comprehensivazation

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