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Strong and weak forms of words. Cases when prepositions, auxiliary and modal verbs, personal and possessive pronouns have full (strong) forms.

Spoken English shows a marked contrast between its stressed and unstressed syllables. Words which bear the major part of information are generally stressed and are called content words. These are: nouns, adjectives, notional verbs, adverbs, numerals, interrogative and demonstrative pro­nouns. The other words in a sentence are mostly form words which link the content words and help us in this way to form an utterance. They are: articles, prepositions, conjunctions, particles, and also auxiliary and modal verbs, per­sonal and possessive pronouns. These are not many in number but they are among the commonest words of the language.

Prepositions have their strong forms though they might re­main unstressed:

(a) at the very end of an intonation group or phrase, eg What are you looking at?

(b) at the end of an intonation group or phrase when they are followed by the unstressed pronoun. Monosyllabic prepositions are either stressed or not, according to the rhythmic pattern of the phrase, eg I’m not talking to you.

Auxiliary and modal verbs have their strong forms:

(a) at the end of an intonation group or a phrase whether stressed or not, eg Who has done it? — Mary has. Are you free? — I am.

(b) At the beginning of general and alternative questions in careful colloquial style, while in rapid colloquial style they are unstressed and reduced, eg Can you get it by tomorrow?, but: Have you got any matches?

(c) In contracted negative forms, eg 1 don't know the man.

The following form-words should be remembered as having no weak forms whatsoever: what, where, when, how, which, on, in, with, then.

The verb to have used as a content verb in the meaning of 'to possess' has no weak forms (whether stressed or not) though often unstressed, eg / have a liftle brother.

The demonstrative pronoun that is never reduced while the conjunction that is, eg / know that, but: / know that he is here.

Neither are reduced the absolute forms of possessive pro­nouns, eg. The ball-pen is mine.

All the form-words, auxiliary and modal verbs, personal and possessive pronouns are generally stressed and consequently have their strong forms in case they become the logical centres of phrases, eg I'm speaking of your work, not of your sister's.

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