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The principles of syllable classification. Types of syllables.

There are several generally accepted classifications of syllables based upon various criteria.

First of all phonetic syllables which are distinguished in the actual pronunciation of words should not be mixed up with orthographic syllables, or syllabographs into which words are divided in writing and print or for the application of the so-called reading rules. Syllables of phonetic type need not coincide with those of the orthographic type as the latter are closely connected with the morphemic structure of words.

Ex. phonetic syllables syllabographs:

ranging [ræn-d3iŋ] rang-ing

maker [mei-kə] mak-er

The further classifications concern phonetic syllables.

The syllable as a whole is the carrier of a dynamic stress – variation in the force of utterance. So syllables can be classified according to the accentual weight as stressed and unstressed.

From the view point of syllabic formation that is to say, whether a syllable begins and ends with a vowel or a consonant sound, syllables are classified as open, closed, covered and uncovered. A syllable which begins with a consonant sound and ends in a vowel sound is called covered and open (ex. now [nau]). A syllable which begins with a vowel sound and ends in a consonant sound is called uncovered and closed (ex. on [on]). A syllable which begins and ends in a consonant sound is called covered and closed (ex. man [mæn]). A syllable which begins and ends in a vowel sound is called uncovered and open (ex. awe [o:]).

G.P. Torsuev introduced the following terminology to be applied to the types of syllables mentioned above: initially covered, finally-covered, fully-closed, fully-open.

In some languages syllables are classified from the point of view of their duration (long and short) and from the point of view of their pitch. Thus, in tone languages, where the variation of the pitch of the voice is a distinctive feature, the following types of syllables are distinguished:

a) those pronounced with even pitch;

b) those pronounced on different pitch level (high-level, mid-level);

c) those pronounced with changes of pitch going from one level to another (fall, rise);

d) those pronounced with combination of such changes (fall-rise, rise-fall).

Переглядів: 1950