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Юриспунденкция

Exercise 15. Topics for discussion.

1. Speak about the essence o civil law.

2. Speak about the kinds of activities determined by civil law.

3. Speak about law suits.

4. Speak about civil law in Great Britain.

5. Speak about subdivisions of civil law in Great Britain.

Legal Terms to be Memorized

civil law цивільне право

private law приватне право

public law публічне право

family law сімейне право

property law (the law of property) майнове право

contract law (the law of contract) договірне право

tort law (the law of torts) деліктне право

constitutional law конституційне право

administrative law адміністративне право

industrial law господарське право

maritime law морське право

civil code цивільний кодекс

legal; legally; legality; legalize правовий, законний; законно;

узаконювати

legal relations правові відносини

legal entity юридична особа

legally equal persons юридично рівні особи

property rights майнові права

related non-property relations особисті не майнові відносини

lawyer юрист, правознавець, адвокат

judge суддя

jury суд присяжних

private-law matter приватна справа

lawsuit / civil suit / civil case судова справа; цивільна справа

wrongful act незаконна дія

to sign a job contract підписати трудову угоду

to handle a case / matter вести справу, діло

to hear a case in the court слухати справу в суді

rights of employment права наймання на роботу

insurance страхування

guarantee; to guarantee гарантія; гарантувати

to suffer injury зазнавати пошкодження

negligence недбалість

libel наклеп

prosecution ведення; виконання; судове

переслідування; обвинувачення

malicious prosecution навмисне обвинувачення

county court місцевий суд графства

the High Court Верховний суд

Additional Reading

TASK 1. Read the following text and write down the Russian equivalents for the words and expressions given in bold type:

Ordeal

Ordeal is a judgement of the truth of some claim or accusation by various means based on the belief that the outcome will reflect the judgement of supernatural powers and that these powers will ensure the triumph of right. Although fatal consequences often attend an ordeal, its purpose is not punitive.

The main types of ordeal are ordeals by divination, physical test, and battle. A. Burmese ordeal by divination involves two parties being furnished with candles of equal size and lit simultaneously; the owner of the candle that outlasts the other is adjudged to have won his cause. Another form of ordeal by divination is the appeal to the corpse for the discovery of its murderer.

The ordeal by physical test, particularly by fire or water, is the most common. In Hindu codes a wife may be required to pass through fire to prove her fidelity to a jealous husband; traces of burning would be regarded as proof of guilt. The practice of dunking suspected witches was based on the notion that water, as the medium of baptism, would 'accept', or receive, the innocent and 'reject' the guilty. Court officials would tie the woman's feet and hands together and then drop her into some deep water. if she went straight to the bottom and drowned, it was a sure sign that she wasn't a witch. On the other hand, if she didn't sink and just bobbed around for a while, the law said she was to be condemned as a witch.

In ordeal by combat, or ritual combat, the victor is said to win not by his own strength but because supernatural powers have intervened on the side of the right, as in the duel in the European Middle Ages in which the 'judgement of God' was thought to determine the winner. If still alive after the combat, the loser might be hanged or burned for a criminal offence or have a hand cut off and property confiscated in civil actions.

TASK 2. Answer the following questions:

1. What was the purpose of ordeal in early ages?

2. What were the main types of ordeals?

3. What did ordeal by divination consist of?

4. What did ordeal by fire have to prove?

5. In what way was ordeal by water devised?

6. What concept was at the basis of ordeal by combat?

TASK 3. Find in the texts above the following words and expressions and match them on the left with the appropriate definition on the right.

Ordeal	inflicting or intended as punishment
Judgement	the practice of seeking knowledge of the future or the unknown by supernatural means
Accusation	faithfulness to a person, cause, or belief, demonstrated by continuing loyalty and support
Punitive	a woman thought to have evil magic powers
Divination	an ancient test of guilt or innocence by subjection of the accused to severe pain, survival of which was taken as divine proof of innocence
Fidelity	a person thought to be guilty of a crime or offense
Proof of guilt	sentence (someone) to a particular punishment, esp. death
Witch	a decision of a court or judge
Suspected	a person who defeats an enemy or opponent in a battle, game, or other competition
Condemn	a charge or claim that someone has done something illegal or wrong
Victor	the spoken or written evidence the fact of having committed a specified or implied offense or crime in a trial

Unit 6

<== попередня сторінка	\|	наступна сторінка ==>
Exercise 11. State if the following sentences are True or False. Correct them if necessary.	\|	Warming Up

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