Present-day Penal Institutions

Modern prisons are quite diverse, but it is possible to make some generalisations about them. In all but minimum-security prisons, the task of maintaining physical custody of the prisoners is usually given the highest priority and is likely to dominate all other concerns. Barred cells and locked doors, periodic checking of cells, searches for contraband, and detailed regulation of inmates' movements about the prison are all undertaken to prevent escapes. In order to forestall thievery, drug and alcohol use, violent assaults, rapes, and other types of prison crime, the inmates are subjected to rules governing every aspect of life; these do much to give the social structure of the prison its authoritarian character.

The need to maintain security within prisons has prompted many countries to separate their penal institutions into categories of maximum, medium, and minimum security. Convicted offenders are assigned to a particular category on the basis of the seriousness or violent nature of their offence, the length of then- sentence, their proneness to escape, and other considerations. Within a prison, the inmates are often classified into several categories and housed in corresponding cellblocks according to the security risk posed by each individual. Younger offenders are usually held in separate penal institutions that provide a stronger emphasis on treatment and correction.

Prisons generally succeed in the twin purposes of isolating the criminal from society and punishing him for his crime, but the higher goal of rehabilitation is not as easily attained. An offender's time in prison is usually reduced as a reward for good behaviour and conscientious performance at work. The privilege of receiving visits from family members and friends from the outside world exists in almost all penal systems.

TASK 4. Find in the text above the English equivalents for the following words and expressions:

ув’язнений

напад із застосуванням насильства

безкарне вплив і виправлення

засудженний

реабілітація особистості злочинця

в язниця з максимальною ізоляцією ув’язнених

в язниця з мінімальною ізоляцією ув’язнених

в язниця з середньою ізоляцією ув’язнених

TASK 5. Explain the meaning of the following words and expressions. Make up sentences of your own:

• conscientious performance at work

• proneness to escape

• security risk

• to forestall thievery

• to give smth. the highest priority

• to maintain security within prisons

TASK 6. Make the situations with the following English expressions

1) breach of prison

2) closed prison

3) industrial prison

4) open prison

5) prison bar

6) prison breaker

7) prison education

8) prison lawyer

9) prison term

10) prison ward

11) to be sent to prison

12) to do one's time (in prison)

13) to escape from prison

Unit 9

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