• Гідрологія і Гідрометрія
• Господарське право
• Економіка будівництва
• Економіка природокористування
• Економічна теорія
• Земельне право
• Історія України
• Кримінально виконавче право
• Медична радіологія
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• Міжнародне приватне право
• Міжнародний маркетинг
• Основи екології
• Предмет Політологія
• Соціальне страхування
• Технічні засоби організації дорожнього руху
• Товарознавство продовольчих товарів

Texts for educational purposes

Types of fuel

Petroleumis a naturally occurring oil that consists chiefly of hydrocarbons with some other elements, such as sulphur, oxygen and nitrogen. In its unrefined form petroleum is known as crude oil (sometimes rock oil). Petroleum is believed to have been formed from the remains of living organisms that were deposited, together with rock particles and biochemical and chemical precipitates, in shallow depressions, chiefly in marine conditions. Under burial and compaction the organic matter went through a series of processes before being transformed into petroleum, which migrated from the source rock to become trapped in large underground reservoirs beneath a layer of impermeable rock. The petroleum often floats above a layer of water and is held under pressure beneath a layer of natural gas. Petroleum reservoirs are discovered through geological exploration: commercially important oil reserves are detected by exploratory narrow-bore drilling. The major known reserves of petroleum are in Saudi Arabia, Russia, China, Kuwait, Iran, Iraq, Mexico, USA, United Arab Emirates, Libya and Venezuela. The oil is actually obtained by the sinking of an oil well. Before it can be used it is separated by fractional distillation in refineries. The main fractions obtained are:

1. Refinery gas is a mixture of methane, ethane, butane and propane used as a fuel and for making other organic chemicals.

2. Gasoline is a mixture of hydrocarbons containing from 5 to 8 carbon atoms, boiling in the range of 40 - 180°C. It is used for motor fuels and for making other chemicals.

3. Kerosene (or paraffin oil) is a mixture of hydrocarbons having 11 or 12 carbon atoms, boiling in the range of 160 - 250°C. Kerosene is a fuel for jet aircraft and for oil-fired domestic heating. It is also cracked to produce smaller hydrocarbons for use in motor fuels.

4. Diesel oil (or gas oil) is a mixture of hydrocarbons having from 13 to 25 carbon atoms, boiling in the range of 220 - 350°C It is a fuel for diesel engines.

The residue is a mixture of higher hydrocarbons. The liquid components are obtained by vacuum distillation and used in lubricating oils. The solid components (paraffin wax) are obtained by solvent extraction. The final residue is a black tar containing free carbon.

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