Rhythm and Tempo.

Sentence Stress.

Rise-fall.

It was a very sunny day yesterday.

The tail is pronounced up and down depending on the nucleus.

The last stressed syllable which is called the nucleus starts lower than the mid level.

The following stressed syllables form a sequence until the last stressed syllable.

Stressed are marked with either dashes and represent a level tone or curves. Downward curves represent the final fall and upward curves represent the final rise.

Unstressed are represented by full stops.

The staves are two parallel lines representing the upper and the lower limits of the human voice.

The method of indicative intonation of the staves can illustrate all these things.

Melody or pitch of intonation is one of the most important parts in the definition of intonation because it shows the changes in the pitch of the voice in connected speech.

Melody can be seen in separate sentences and separate words; it presents certain intonation groups consisting of one or many words thus having one or many syllables. Each intonation group is characterized by a certain intonation pattern (интонационное клише) which is characterized by a certain level of pronunciation, range (диапазон) and direction.

Lets take a sentence:

_ . _ .

It_. was. a^. very sunny _\day yesterday.

^{. . .}

The first stressed syllable here is ve-. It is pronounced on a high-level pitch.

The interval between the highest and the lowest pitch syllable is called the range. The range usually depends on the pitch level: the higher the pitch, the wider the range. Levels may be high, medial and low.

Each intonation group has a certain structure. It may consist of only the nucleus if it has one syllable (F.e. no!, yes!) or if it has many syllables consist of the prehead, the head, the nucleus and the tail [стр.244].

Lets take a sentence:

In this sentence the prehead is «it was a» because it precedes the first stressed syllable.

The head is «very sunny».

The nucleus is «day».

The tail is «yesterday».

The head and the prehead are very important because they give us the idea of the true English pronunciation [стр.244-245].

The most important is the nucleus. It determines the communicative centre of the intonation group. It usually falls or rises. The most important nucleus tones are:

low-fall (don’t you?);

high-fall;

low-rise (questions);

high-rise;

fall-rise;
High-falling and high-rising tones describe speaker’s mood and his attitude to what he says.
Any part of the sentence may be stressed if it has an emphatic stress [стр.246].
Rhythm which is typical of the English pronunciation is the pronunciation of stressed and unstressed syllables at approximately the same period of time. Incorrect rhythm betrays the non-English origin of the speaker [стр.247].

Pausation and Tamber. [стр.248]

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