Education

British educational system are the same as they are anywhere else in Europe: full-time education is compulsory up to the middle teenage years; the academic year begins at the end of summer; compulsory education is free of charge, but parents may spend money on educating their children privately if they want to. There are three recognized stages, with children moving from the first stage (primary) to the second stage (secondary) at around the age of eleven or twelve. The third (tertiary) stage is 'further' education at university or college.

education is manager not by one, but by three, separate government departments: the Department for Education and Employment is responsible for England and Wales alone - Scotland and Northern Ireland have their own departments. None of these central authorities exercises much control over the details of what actually happens in the country's educational institutions. Central government does not prescribe a detailed programme of learning or determine what books and materials should be used. It does not manage an institution's finances either, it just decides how much money to give it. many details as possible are left up to the individual institution or the Local Education Authority (LEA, a branch of local government). One of the reasons for this a school is its own community. Universities, although financed by the government, have even more autonomy. Each one has complete control over what to teach, how to teach it, who it accepts as students and how to test these students. the general style of teaching has tended to give priority to developing understanding rather than acquiring factual knowledge and learning to apply this knowledge to specific tasks. Before 1965 most children in the country had to take an exam at about the age of eleven, at the end of their primary schooling. During the 1960s these criticism came to be accepted by a majority of the public. These days, most eleven-year-olds all go on to the same local school. These schools are known as comprehensive schools. the comprehensive system has also had its critics. Starting in the late 1980s, two major changes were introduces by the government. The first of these was the setting up of a national curriculum. The other major change is that schools can now decide to 'opt out' of the control of the LEA and put themselves directly under the control of the appropriate government department. Pupils aged 5 to 16 in state schools must be taught the National Curriculum, which made up of the following subjects: English, mathematics, science, design and technology; information technology, history, geography, music, art, physical education (PE) and a modern foreign language. The National Curriculum is divided into four stages. depend on pupil's ages. going into Key Stage 4 before September 1996. secondary schools must provide sex education. There are national tests for 7-, 11- and 14-year-olds in English and mathematics. Pupils aged 11 and 14 are also tested in science. Most 16-year-old take GCSEs or similar qualifications. In primary schools, the children are mostly taught by a class teacher who teaches all subjects. At the ages of seven and eleven, children have to take national tests in English, mathematics and science. In secondary schools, pupils have different teachers for different subjects and are given regular homework. Schools usually divide their year into three 'terms', starting at the beginning of September. Public exams- these exams are not set by the government, but rather by independent examining boards. At the age of sixteen people are free to leave school if they want to. many take part in training schemes which involve on-the-job training combined with part-time college courses. GCSE = General Certificate of Secondary Education. The exams taken by most fifteen-to sixteen-year-olds in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. methods of examination of the various examining boards differ. there is a uniform system of marks, all being graded from A to G. Grades A, B and C are regarded as 'good' grades. GNVQ = General National Vocational Qualification. Courses and exams in job-related subjects. Students studying for a first degree are called undergraduates. When they have been awarded a degree, they are known as graduates. Classes-Class I,Class II, I ('a 2, 1' or 'an upper second'),Class II, II ('a 2, 2' or 'a lower second'),Class III ('a third'). Bachelor's Degree: The general name for a first degree, most commonly a BA. Master's Degree: The general name for a second (postgraduate) degree. Doctorate: The highest academic qualification.

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