Institution of American Presidency, main trends of American foreign policy, new policy of Barack Obama. Presidential elections, Electoral College, Barack Obama – new president.

The president of the United States is head of the executive power, or the chief executive, and his office is one of the most powerful in the world. Under the Constitution he must «take care, that the laws be faithfully executed”. In addition he has important legislative and judicial powers. The official residence and office of the President is in the White House, Washington. D.C.

Constitutional qualifications for the Presidency are relatively simple: the President must be at least 35 years old, a resident of the country for at least 14 years and a national born citizen.

The President, together with the Vice President, is elected to a four-year-term. The 22^nd Amendment to the Constitution, 1951, limited the Presidency to no more that two terms. Franklin D. Roosevelt had been the only President to be elected four times (the first time in 1933).

If a President dies or is unable to carry out his duties, he is succeeded by the Vice President. The Constitution does not delegate any specific executive powers to the Vice President (or to members of the presidential Cabinet or to other federal officials). Except for the right of succession to the Presidency, the Vice President's only Constitutional duties are to serve as the presiding officer of the Senate. Next in line of succession to the Presidency come the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President pro tempore of the Senate (who presides over the Senate when the Vice President is absent). After them in order of importance, come the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Treasury, the Secretary of Defence and the rest of the cabinet ministers.

Functions:

As head of the government (the executive branch), the President must carry out the government programmes.

He has an important legislative role. He recommends laws to Congress and requests money for federal government operations.

He can veto any bill passed by Congress, and his veto may be overruled by a two-thirds vote in both Houses of Congress.

The President, as head of a political party and as chief executive officer of the government, has a strong influence on public opinion, on what the course of legislation in Congress very often depends. Within the executive branch, the President has Proadpowers to issue so-called executive orders, which have the force of law. He is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the United States.

The President has the authority to appoint the heads of all executive departments and agencies, together with hundreds of other high-ranking officials, including judges, from the district court level to the US Supreme Court. Each appointment must be approved by the Senate.

One more important function of the President is that he can grant a full or conditional pardon to anyone accused of breaking a federal law — make shorter prison sentences and reduce fines.

Under the Constitution the President is responsible for foreign relations with other nations. With the Secretary of State, the President manages all official contacts with foreign governments, and concludes treaties with other countries. Such treaties must be approved by a two-thirds vote of the Senate.

Main trends:

President Barack Obama introduced a new Global Health Plan which through a comprehensive package sought to spend 65 billion dollars in the next half decade to fight deadly diseases in the poor developing world.

President Obama stated during the 64th UN General Assembly that the U.S. fully supported the UN´s Millennium Development Goals and would work to revive fresh thinking on a number of important global issues concerning the future generation, namely: climate change, nuclear disarmament, the global food crisis, the HINI pandemic and the international financial and economic crisis.

February and March, Vice President Joe Biden and Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton made separate overseas trips to announce a "new era" in U.S. foreign relations with Russia and Europe, using the terms "break" and "reset" to signal major changes from the policies of the preceding administration.

Obama continued his outreach to the Muslim world, releasing a New Year's video message to the people and government of Iran.

On September 24, 2009, Obama became the first sitting U.S. President to preside over a meeting of the United Nations Security Council. Early in his presidency, Obama moved to alter U.S. war strategy in Iraq by planning to decrease troop levels. By August 31, 2010, our combat mission in Iraq will end.

The method of electing a President is peculiar to the United States. The presidential election is technically an election of presidential electors, not of a President directly. The people of each state do not vote directly for the President. They elect as many electors as this state has Senators and Representatives in the Congress. These electors are selected exclusively by the corresponding party machines. The candidate with the highest number of votes in each state wins all the electoral votes of the state.

The electors of all 50 states and the District of Columbia (3 electors) — a total of 538 persons — compose what is known as the Electoral College. The electors gather in the state capitals shortly after the election and cast their votes for the candidate with the largest number of popular votes in their respective states. To be elected President, a candidate for the Presidency must receive 270 votes. The presidential elections of 2000 revealed the 'inadequacy of the existing system.

The Constitution provides, that if no candidate has a majority, the decision should be made by the House of Representatives, with all members from a state voting as a unit. In this case, each state and the Districy of Columbia would be given one vote only.

Candidates for the Presidency are chosen by political parties several months before the presidential election, which is held every four years (every leap year) on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November.

The presidential term of four years begins on January 20 (the next year). He starts his official duties with an inauguration ceremony, traditionally held on the steps of the Capitol, where Congress works. The newly-elected President publicly takes an oath of office, which is traditionally administered by the Chief Justice of the United States The words of the oath are provided by the Constitution:

Barack Hussein Obama II (born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. Obama previously served as the junior United States Senator from Illinois from January 2005 until he resigned after his election to the presidency in November 2008.

Obama is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he was the president of the Harvard Law Review. He was a community organizer in Chicago before earning his law degree. He worked as a civil rights attorney in Chicago and taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004.

Obama's presidential campaign began in February 2007, and after a close campaign in the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries against Hillary Clinton, he won his party's nomination. In the 2008 general election, he defeated Republican nominee John McCain and was inaugurated as president on January 20, 2009. Obama is also the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate.

10. Main political parties.

The USA is largely a two-party system: the Republicans and the Democratic Party.

The Democratic Party: Thomas Jefferson founded the Dem. Party in 1792 as a congressional assembly to fight for the Bill of Rights and against the Federalist Party. In 1798, the “party of the common man” was officially named the Dem.-Republican Party and in 1800 elected Jefferson as the 1^st Dem. President of the US. Jefferson was followed by James Madison in 1808 who strengthened America’s armed forces by defeating the British in the War of 1812. James Monroe was elected president in 1816.

The election of John Quincy Adams in 1824 led to a split among Dem. – Republicans. A result of the split was the emergence of Andrew Jackson as a national leader. The Jacksonian Democrats created the national convention process. The party platform, and reunified the Dem. Party with Jackson’s victories in 1821 and 1832. It was Andrew Jackson that institutionally consolidated the Dem. Party as a political organization in the modern sense of the world.

- W. Bryan >created the most powerful economic engine; a movement of agrarian reformers; support of women’s suffrage;

- W. Wilson >fought for the League of Nations;

- F. Roosevelt >a new Deal (pulled America out of the Depression);

- H. Truman >the fight to bring down the final barriers of race and gender; establishing the Marshall plan, NATO;

- In the 1960s, President John Kennedy and his followers challenged an optimistic nation to build on its great history (a New Frontier, man on the Moon, a treaty banning nuclear weapons, the Civil Rights Act, Voting Rights Act, creation of Medicare);

- In 1976, Jimmy Carter was elected president, helping to restore the nation’s trust in government following the Watergate scandal;

- In 1992, Bill Clinton was elected the 42^th President of the USA (reduction of unemployment and crime);

In 2004, John Kerry lost the presidential race to George W. Bush.

The Dem. party has a long history of claiming to represent and protect the interests of working Americans and guaranteeing personal liberties for all. The National Platform is an official statement of the Party’s position on a wide variety of issues. The 2000 National Platform emphasized 3 key Dem. Party ideas: Prosperity, Progress, Peace.

The Republican Party: The Rep. Party was founded in 1850’s by anti-slavery activists and individuals who believed that the government should grant western lands to settlers free of charge. In 1856, the Rep. became a national party when John Fremont was nominated for President. The actual emergence of the Rep. Party is associated with Abraham Lincoln who became its leader and won the presidential elections of 1860 to become the 16^st US President. During the Civil War in 1863 Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation that freed the slaves.

- The Rep. passed 13, 14, 15 amendments.

- A Civil Rights Act in 1866 which recognized blacks as US citizens;

- The National 8 Hour Law which limited the work day to 8 hours;

- Creating the Department of Labour to regulate labour relations in the country;

- Rep Presidents: Eisenhower, Nixon, Ford, Reagan, Bush.

Rep. expressing the interests of “big business” and well-to-do class are strongly committed to principles when governmental interference has to be minimal in the life of the state.

Rep. have a long and rich history with basic principles:

- Abolishing slavery, free speech, women’s suffrage;

- Reducing the government, Streamlining the bureaucracy, returning the power to the states;

- Equal rights, justice and opportunities for all;

In 2008 the elections of president took place in the USA. The Rep. Party has nominated John McCain, Senator of State Arizona. The Dem. Party nominated the Senator of State Illinois Barack Obama.

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