Represented Speech

There are three ways of reproducing actual speech: a) repetition of the exact utterance as it was spoken (direct speech), b) conversion of the exact utterance into the relater`s mode of expression (in direct speech), and c) representation of the actual utterance by a second person, usually the author, as if had been spoken, whereas it has not really been spoken but is only represented in the author`s words (represented speech).

It is probably due to this fact that in order to convey more adequately the actual utterances of characters in emotive prose, a new way to represent direct speech came into being-represented speech.

18.The Belles- Letters Style

We have already pointed out that the belles- letters style is a generic term for three substyles in which the main principles and the most general properties of the style are materialized. These three substyles:

· The language of poetry, or simply verse.

· Emotive prose, or the language of fiction.

· The language of the drama

Language of poetry

The first Substyle we shall consider is verse. Its differentiating property is its orderly form, which is based mainly on the rhythmic and phonetic arrangement of the utterances. The rhythmic aspect calls forth syntactical and semantic peculiarities which also fall into a more or less strict orderly arrangement. Both the syntactical and semantic aspects check by rhythmic patterns.

Emotive prose

Emotive prose as a separate form of imaginative literature, that is fiction, came into being rather late in the history of the English literary language. It is well known that in early Anglo- Saxon literature there was mainly poetry, songs of a religious, military and festive character. The first emotite prose which appeared was translations from Latin of stories from the Bible and the Lives of the Saints.

Language of the drama

The third subdivision of the belles- letter style is the language of plays. The first thing to be said about the parameters of this variety of belles- letters is that , unlike poetry, which expect for ballads, in essence excludes direct speech and therefore dialogue, and unlike emotive prose, which is a combination of monologue and dialogue. The author`s speech is almost entirely excluded expect for the playwright`s remarks and stage directions, significant though the may be.

19. Publicistic style

The publicistic style of language became discernible as a separate style in the middle of the 18^th century. It also falls into three varieties, each having its own distinctive features. Unlike other styles, the publicistic style, the publicistic style has a spoken variety, namely, the oratorical substyle. The development of radio and television has brought into being another new spoken variety, namely the radio and Tv commentary. The other two substyles are the essay and journalistic articles in newspapers, journals and magazines.

Essay

The essay is a literary composition of moderate length on philosophical, social, aesthetic or literary subjects. It never goes deep into the subject, but merely touches upon the surface. Personality in the treatment of theme and naturalness of expression are two of the most obvious charactreristics of the essay. An essay is rather a series of personal and witty comments than a finished argument or a conclusive examination of any matter. This literary genre has definite linguistic traits which shape it as a variety of publicistic style.

20.Newspaper style

Newspaper style was the last of all the styles of written literary English to be recognized as a specific form of writing standing apart from other forms.The very term newspaper English carried a shade of disaparagement . Yet, for all the defects of newspaper English carried serious though they may be, this form of the English literary language cannot be reduced- as some purists have claimed- merely to careless slovenly writing or to a distorted literary English.

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