Absence of Syntactical Elements

1) Elliptical sentences;

2) Unfinished sentences;

3) Nominative sentences;

4) Constructions in which auxiliary elements are missing.

Ellipsis - omission of one of the main members of a sentence. Elliptical are those sentences in which one or both principal parts are felt as missing since, theoretically, they could be restored. Elliptical sentences are typical, first and foremost, of oral communication, especially of colloquial speech.

Unfinished sentencesthe speaker stops short in the very beginning or in the middle of the utterance, thus confining his mode of expression to a mere elusion, a mere hint at what remains unsaid.

Nominative sentences. Their function in speech consists in stating the existence of the thing named: London. Fog everywhere. November weather. The brevity of nominative sentences renders them especially fit for sescriptions.

Asyndeton - absence of conjunctions. Asyndetic connection of sentences and parts of sentences is based on the lexical meaning of the units combined. The stylistic function of asyndeton is similar to that of ellipsis : brevity, acceleration of the tempo, colloquial character : "But if they should! If they should guess! The horror! The flight! The exposure! The police! ... (Dreiser)

Zeugma may be referred both to the stylistic devices based upon absence of speech elements and to figures of speech. Zeugma is a combination of one polysemantic word with two or several other words in succession, each collocation thus made pertaining to different semantic or even syntactic plane. The use of zeugma serves, as a rule, the purpose of creating humorous effect.

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