Organs of speech

The process of respiration consists of inspiration (breathing in) and expiration (out).When we speak we use outgoing air. During expiration the air moves from the lungs through the trachea, the upper part of which is called larynx .Inside the larynx there are two muscular folds running in a horizontal direction from back to front. The folds are called vocal cords. The opening between the vocal cords is called the glottis. When the vocal cords are held wide-apart, they relaxed and the glottis is open (quiet breathing and voiceless consonant). When the vocal cords are brought together they become tense and the flow air makes them vibrate so the voice is produced (all vowels and voiced consonants).When the vocal cords get ready for vibration the open glottis becomes narrower and the air passing through the lungs, glottis, pharynx and mouth cavity produces friction .Above the larynx there are two super-glottal cavities-pharynx, mouth cavity, nasal cavity. They are used to modify the colouring of the voice and noise. The cavities serves as a system of resonance chambers, capable of changing their shapes and sizes by different position of the soft palate, the tongue, the lower and upper jaw and the lips. The palate is formed by upper jaw. It’s divided into: the teeth ridge, the hard and soft palate and uvula. The passage into the nasal cavity is regulated by the position of the soft palate. The soft palate is lowered to the air pass through the nasal cavity (n).The tongue may take different positions (front, middle, back) and modify shape and size of the main resonance chamber to produce various qualities of vowels and consonants. The surface of the front part is called predorsal part; middle and back are called dorsal part. The two shapes of the tongue-apical (front edge raised, middle is lowered), and dorsal (edges are lowered, middle or back raised). The lips may be rounded and unrounded and can also form different kinds of abstractions used to produce consonants.

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