Scottish English

Phonological characteristic of Scottish English:

- Scottish English is a rhotic accent, meaning /r/ is pronounced in the syllable coda. While other dialects have merged /ɛ/, /ɪ/, /ʌ/ before /r/, Scottish English makes a distinction between the vowels in herd, bird, and curd. Many varieties contrast /o/ and /ɔ/ before /r/ so that hoarse and horse are pronounced differently. /or/ and /ur/ are contrasted so that shore and sure are pronounced differently, as are pour and poor.

- There is a distinction between /w/ and /hw/ in word pairs such as witch and which.

- The phoneme /x/ is common in names and in SSE's many Gaelic and Scots borrowings, so much so that it is often taught to incomers, particularly for "ch" in loch. Some Scottish speakers use it in words of Greek origin as well, such as technical, patriarch, etc. The pronunciation of these words in the original Greek would support this.

- /l/ is usually velarized

- Vowel length is generally regarded as non-phonemic. Certain vowels (such as /i/, /u/, and /æ/ are generally long but are shortened before nasals and voiced plosives. However, this does not occur across morpheme boundaries so that crude contrasts with crewed, need with kneed and side with sighed.

- Scottish English has no /ʊ/, instead transferring Scots /u/. Thus pull and pool are homophones.

- Cot and caught are not differentiated in most Central Scottish varieties, as they are in some other varieties.

- In most varieties, there is no /æ/:/ɑː/ distinction; therefore, bath, trap, and palm have the same vowel.

- The happY vowel is most commonly /e/ (as in face), but may also be /ɪ/ (as in kit) or /i/ (as in fleece).

- /θs/ is often used in plural nouns where southern English has /ðz/ (baths, youths, etc); with and booth are pronounced with θ.

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