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Юриспунденкция

II. Classification of Speech Sounds

Contents

Organs of Speech. 3

I. Active and Passive Organs of Speech. 3

II. Classification of Speech Sounds. 3

III. Classification of Consonants. 4

IV. Classification of Vowels. 5

Articulation of English Sounds. 5

I. Articulation of English Consonants. 5

II. Articulation of Monophthongs. 6

III. Articulation of Diphthongs and Triphthongs. 7

Activities. 7

Phonetic Phenomena. 11

I. Assimilation. 11

II. Vowel Reduction. 12

III. Linking ‘r’ 12

IV. Intrusive ‘r’ 12

Activities. 12

Word Stress. Syllable Formation in English. 15

I. Types of Word Stress. 15

II. Words with One Strong Stress. 15

III. Words with Primary and Secondary Stresses. 16

IV. Words with Two Primary Stresses. 16

V. Stress in Compound Words. 17

VI. Compound Words with Two Primary Stresses. 17

Activities. 17

Words Easily Mispronounced or Confused. 19

I. Silent letters. 19

II. Homonyms. 19

III. Confusable words. 20

Activities. 20

Intonation. 22

I. Intonation Pattern. 22

II. Intonation in Different Communicative Types of Sentences. 23

Activities. 23

Glossary. 27

Poems. 29

Organs of Speech

I. Active and Passive Organs of Speech

There are thirteen organs of speech:

§ the lungs

§ the windpipe

§ the vocal cords

§ the pharynx

§ the larynx

§ cavities (oral and nasal)

§ the lips (upper and lower)

§ the teeth

§ the alveolar/teeth ridge

§ the hard palate

§ the soft palate

§ the uvula

§ the tongue (the tip of the tongue, the front

§ (middle) of the tongue, the back (root) of the tongue)

When the tongue is at rest, the tip of the tongue lies opposite the teeth ridge, the front part of the tongue lies opposite the hard palate, and the back part of the tongue is opposite the soft palate. The air (breath) passes from the lungs into the windpipe, then through the larynx into the pharynx and mouth cavity. If the soft palate is lowered, the air passes into the nasal cavity.

The vocal cords are in the larynx. They can be brought together, and when the air stream is forced between them, they vibrate and produce voice. When the vocal cords are wide apart, the air stream passes between them freely, they do not vibrate and no voice is produced. The space between the vocal cords is called the glottis.

The organs of speech can be movableandfixed. The movable speech organs take an active part in the articulation of speech sounds and are termed as active organs of speech.The fixed speech organs help the active organs form an obstruction. They are called passive speech organs.

Active Organs of Speech:

§ the lower and upper lips

§ the tongue

§ the soft palate

§ the uvula

§ the vocal cords

§ the lungs

Passive Organs of Speech:

§ the upper teeth

§ the alveolar ridge

§ the hard palate

II. Classification of Speech Sounds

Speech sounds are divided into vowels and consonants. A vowel is a voiced sound produced in the mouth with no obstruction to the air stream. The air stream is weak, the tongue and vocal cords are tense. A consonant is a sound produced with the help of an obstruction. The speech organs are tense at the place of the obstruction. In the articulation of voiceless consonants the air stream is strong, but it is weaker in voiced consonants. Vowels are sounds of pure musical tone, but consonants maybe either sounds in which noise prevails over tone (noise consonants) or sounds in which tone prevails over noise (sonorants). The English sonorants are: [m], [n], [w], [l], [r], [j], [ŋ].

The English sounds are divided into monophthongs, diphthongs, triphthongs and diphthongoids.

A monophthong is a vowel sound in the pronunciation of which the speech organs do not change their position throughout the duration of the vowel: e. g. [i], [e], [æ].

A diphthong is a vowel sound in the pronunciation of which the speech organs start in the position of one vowel and glide gradually in the direction of another vowel, whose full formation is generally not accomplished. Thus, a diphthong is a combination of two vowel elements pronounced so as to form a single syllable. The first element is called the nucleus. It is clear and distinct. The second element is rather weak. It is called the glide, e. g.: [eI], [ou], [au].

A triphthong is a sound combination that consists of a neutral sound [ә] and a diphthong, e. g.: [auә], [aiә]

A diphthongoid is a vowel in the articulation of which the speech organs change their position but very slightly, e. g.: [i:], [u:]

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