V. Say the tongue twisters three times as quickly as possible. Pay attention to the phonetic processes occurring in them. Learn three of them by heart.

1. Don’t trouble trouble until trouble troubles you.

2. A driver drives along a dirty driveway.

3. Knapsack straps.

4. Tragedy strategy.

5. Strange strategic statistics.

6. Are our oars oak?

7. She stood on the balcony inexplicably mimicking him hiccupping, and amicably welcoming him home.

8. The epitome of femininity.

9. Six twins screwed steel steam cruisers.

10. The seething seas ceaseth and twiceth the seething seas sufficeth us.

11. Sam’s shop stocks short spotted socks.

12. Mrs. Smith’s Fish Sauce Shop.

VI. Find your own examples of the phenomena.

Word Stress. Syllable Formation in English.

A syllable is formed by any vowel alone or in a combination with one or more consonants, e.g.: I, he, she, and a word final sonorant: that can be lateral or nasal, immediately preceded by a consonant: e.g.: table, lesson.

The English sonorants [w], [r], [j] are never syllabic. The syllabic consonants that commonly occur in English words are the sonorants [l], [m], [n], e. g.: stable ['steIbl], sudden ['sAdn]. Every syllable has a definite structure depending on the kind of a speech sound it ends.

There are two types of syllables, distinguished from this point of view. A syllable which ends in a vowel sound is called an opensyllable, e.g.: I, he. A syllable which ends in a consonant sound is called a closedsyllable, e.g.: it, an.

Unstressed syllables sound weaker than stressed syllables. They are lower in pitch, shorter, and harder to hear clearly than the vowels in stressed syllables because they are subject to reduction.

The phonemes e, i, y, a followed by the silent e are reduced to [I], e. g.: delegate ['delIgIt].

The phonemes o, u, a are reduced to the neutral soundor shwa phoneme [q], e. g.: pilot ['paIlqt], circus ['sWkqs], cinema ['sInimq].

The final o is never reduced and pronounced as [qu], e. g.: potato [pq'teItqu].

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