Figures of Speech that create Rhythm

These expressive means were divided into 4 large groups:

a)Figures that create rhythm by means of addition:

1. Doubling (reduplication, repetition) of words and sounds. EX. Tip-top, helter-skelter, wishy-washy; oh, the dreary, dreary moorland.

2.Epenalepsis (polysyndeton) conjunctions: use of several conjunctions. EX. He thought, and thought, and thought; f hadn't realized until then how small the houses were, how small and mean the shops.

3. Anaphora: repetition of a word or words at the beginning of two
or more clauses, sentences or verses. EX. E.g. No tree, no shrub, no blade of grass, not a bird or beast, not even a fish that was not owned!

4. Enjambment: running on of one thought into the next line, without breaking the syntactical pattern. EX. In Ocean's wide domains

Half buried in the sands

Lie skeletons in chains

With shackled feet and hands.

5. Asyndeton: omission of conjunction. EX. He provided the poor with jobs, with opportunity, with self-respect.

b) Figures based on compression:

1. Zeugma (syllepsis): a figure by which a verb, adjective or other part of speech, relating to one noun is referred to another. EX. He lost his hat and his temper, with weeping eyes and hearts.

2. Chiasmus—a reversal in the order of words in one of two parallel phrases. EX. He went to the country, to the town went she.

3. Ellipsis—omission of words needed to complete the construction of the sense. EX. He was hanged and his followers imprisoned.

c)Figures based on assonance or accord:

1. Equality of colons—used to have a power to segment and arrange.

2.Proportions and harmony of colons.

d) Figures based on opposition:

1. Antithesis—choice or arrangement of words that emphasises a contrast. EX. Give me liberty or give me death.

2.Paradiastola—the lengthening of a syllable regularly short (in Greek poetry).

3.Anastrophe— inversion in contemporary terms. EX. Me he restored, him he hanged.

Types of speech

All kinds of speech were labelled and represented in a kind of hierarchy including the following types: elevated: flowery /florid/ exquisite; poetic; normal; dry; scanty; hackneyed; tasteless.

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