Theory of expressive means by I.R.Galperin

· Phonetic expressive means and stylistic devices

· Lexical expressive means and stylistic devices

· Syntactical expressive means and stylistic devices

Phonetic expressive means and stylistic devices

▫ Onomatopoeia (direct or indirect) Ex. Ding-dong, silver bells .. tinkle, tinkle;

▫ Alliteration (initial rhyme) Ex. To rob Peter to pay Paul;

▫ Rhyme (full, incomplete, broken, eye rhyme, feminine, masculine, also stanza rhymes: couplets, triple, cross, framing/ring).

Lexical expressive means and stylistic devices

1)interaction of various types of word’s meanings:

A. Means based on the interplay of dictionary and contextual meanings: Metaphor, Metonymy, Irony.

B. Means based on the interaction of primary and derivative meanings: polysemy, zeugma and pun.

C. Means based on the opposition of logical and emotive means: interjections and exclamatory words, epithet, oxymoron.

D. Means based on the interaction of logical and nominal meaning: antonomasia.

2) the interaction of two lexical meanings simultaneously materialised in the context.

periphrasis, euphemism, hyperbole, simile.

3) stable word combinations in their interaction with the context: Cliches, proverbs and sayings, quotations, allusions, decomposition of set phrases

Syntactical expressive means and stylistic devices

- the juxtaposition (наложение; наслоение; сопоставление) of the parts of an utterance (inversion, detached constructions, parallel constructions, chiasmus, repetition, enumeration, suspense, climax, antithesis).

- the type of connection of the parts (asyndeton, polysyndeton, gap-sentence link

- the peculiar use of colloquial constructions (ellipsis “nothing so difficult as a beginning”, aposiopesis = break-in-the-narrative “Good intentions but-…”, question in the narrative, represented speech).

- the transference of structural meaning rhetorical questions, litotes “he was no gentle lamb”).

1) The present subdivision into lexical and syntactical devices may seem dubious: there is a kind of mixture of principles since some devices obviously involve both lexical and syntactical features, e.g. antithesis, climax, irony;

2) Why to place the group “peculiar use of colloquial constructions” among the syntactical means and the group called “ peculiar use of set expressions” among the lexical devices?

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