The theory of expressive means and stylistic devices by Y.M.Skrebnev

hierarchical arrangement into 5 levels: phonetics, morphology, lexicology, syntax, semasiology (or semantics).

Paradigmatic ← 1.Phonetics → Syntagmatic

Stylistics ← 2.Morphology → Stylistics

← 3. Lexicology →

← 4. Syntax →

← 5. Semasiology →

The theory of stylistic devices, suggested by V.V.Gurevich.

1. Stylistic devices making use of the meaning of language units (figures of speech)

Metaphor (O.I.Glazunova)

· Nominal metaphoric phrase/ construction. Ex. And down they bring, pearls rowe

· Predicative metaphoric phrase/ construction. Ex. He faded into age

· Genitive metaphoric phrase/ construction. Ex. A cup of kindness

· Adverbial metaphoric phrase/ construction. Ex. He burned with desire

· Attributive metaphoric phrase/ construction. Ex. The crystal streamlets

· Simile. Ex. My love is like a red, red rose.

Phraseological units

Metonymy

- Synecdoche

- Container instead of content (dish, a cup)

- Characteristic feature instead of the object (В комнату вошла вошла голова)

- Name of the instrument instead of the action/doer.

Zeugma, Oxymoron, Hyperbole and Litotes, Epithet, Periphrasis, Antonomasia, Euphemisms, Personification, Allusion, Irony, Rhetorical questions.

2. Stylistic devices making use of the structure of language units

Repetition

1) Lexical repetition

Anaphora – the repetition of the same elements in the beginning of several sentences.

Epiphora - the repetition of the same elements in the end of several sentences.

2) Syntactic repetition (may include syntactic tautology) or syntactic parallelism

Chiasm - a reversed version of syntactic parallelism. Ex. Down dropped the breeze/The sails dropped down.

Climax (gradation) and Anticlimax

Climax – lexical or syntactic repetition of elements which is combined with gradual increase in the emotional colouring of the sentence.

Anticlimax – the opposite to the climax (the final element is obviously weaker in degree).

Ellipsis – The device consists in omission of some parts of the sentence that are easily understood from the context.

Asyndeton - is a deliberate omission of conjunctions.

Polysyndeton - (opposite to asyndeton) the repeated use of the same connectors before several parts of sentence.

Antithesis- a structure that stresses a sharp contrast in meaning between the parts within 1 sentence.

3. Phonetic expressive means and devices

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