Sources-Receivers

The compound term sources-receivers emphasizes that each person involved in communication is both a source(or speaker) and a receiver(or listener). You send messages when you speak, write, gesture, or smile. You receive messages in listening, reading, smelling, and so on. As you send messages, however, you're also receiving messages. You're receiving your own messages (you hear yourself, you feel your own movements, you see many of your own gestures), and you're receiving the messages of the other person – visually, aurally, or even through touch or smell. As you assign meaning to these verbal and nonverbal signals, you're performing receiving functions.

Source-Receiver Encoding-Decoding

The act of producing messages – for example, speaking or writing – is called encoding.By putting your ideas into sound waves or into a computer program you're putting these ideas into a code,hence encoding. The act of receiving messages – for example, listening or reading – is called decoding.By translating sound waves or words on a screen into ideas you take them out of code, hence decoding. Thus, speakers or writers are called encoders,and listeners or readers, decoders.

As with sources-receivers, the compound term encoding-decoding emphasizes that you perform these functions simultaneously, at least in face-to-face communication. As you speak (encoding), you're also deciphering the responses of the listener (decoding). In computer communication this simultaneous exchange of messages occurs only sometimes. In e-mail (as well as snail mail) and newsgroup communication, for example, the sending and receiving may be separated by several days or much longer. In chat groups and instant messaging, on the other hand, communication takes place in real time; the sending and receiving take place (almost) simultaneously.

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