To Help

Therapists, counselors, teachers, parents, and friends are just a few categories of those who often – though not always – communicate in order to help. As is the case with therapists and counselors, entire professions are built around this communication function. But there are few professions that don't make at least some significant use of this helping function. You also use this function when you constructively criticize, express empathy, work with a group to solve a problem, or listen attentively and supportively to a public speaker. Not surprisingly, obtaining and giving help are among the major functions of Internet communication and among the major reasons people use it.

To Persuade

People spend a great deal of their time in persuasion, both as sources and as receivers. In your everyday interpersonal and group encounters, you try to change the attitudes and behaviors of others. You try to get them to vote a particular way, try a new diet, buy a particular item, see a movie, read a book, take a specific course, believe that something is true or false, value or devalue some idea, and so on. In interviews you may try to persuade a company to hire you, or in public speaking to persuade your audience that you should be elected. The list is endless. Some researchers, in fact, would argue that all communication is persuasive and that all our communications seek some persuasive goal. Some examples:

■Relationship goals: You communicate to form the relationships that will meet your needs.

■Instrumental goals: You communicate to get others to do something for you.

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