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Юриспунденкция

Lecture 8 Word order in English sentences

Plan

1. The typical word order in declarative sentences.

2. The typical word order in negative sentences.

3. The typical word order in interrogative sentences.

4. The word order of different sentence members.

I.The English language is characterized by a fixed word order. Compare:

Учитель запитує учня.

Учня запитує вчитель.

The teacher asks the pupil.

The pupil asks the teacher.

Due to the wealth of inflexions word order in Ukrainian language is rather free as the inflexions show the function of each word in a sentence.

English words have hardly any inflexions and their relation to each other is shown by their place in the sentence and not by their form. We cannot change the position of different parts of the sentence at will, especially that of the subject and the object as the meaning of the sentence will change.

In declarative sentences the most typical (direct) word order is as follows: 1 – subject, 2 – predicate, 3 – (direct) object 4 – adverbial modifiers.

Subject	Predicate	Object
I	speak	English
She	likes	coffee

Subject	Predicate	Indirect object	Direct object	Adverbial modifier of place	Adverbial modifier of time
I	will tell	you	the story	at school	tomorrow

The indirect object is placed between the predicate and its direct object.

I`ll give you my address.

The prepositional object is usually placed after the direct object or, if there is no direct object, after the predicate.

We cannot take money from him.

I`m not talking about that.

The adverbial modifier is usually placed after the object, if there are no objects it is usually placed after the predicate.

He sent me a telegram this afternoon.

He`ll be back in half an hour.

The order of words in which the subject is placed after the predicate is called inverted word order or inversion.

Certain types of sentences require the inverted order of words. These are:

Interrogative sentences (partial inversion – as only part of the predicate is placed before the subject)

Where did they find her.

Sentences introduced by there.

There is the pizza place I was telling you about.

Compound sentences, their second part beginning with so or neither.

Their parents escaped, so did three of their sons.

Simple exclamatory sentences expressing wish.

Be it so!

As a mean of emphasis.

II.The word order in negative sentences is the same as in affirmative sentences. In negative sentences we usually need an auxiliary verb.

Subject	Predicate	Indirect object	Direct object	Adverbial modifier of place	Adverbial modifier of time
I	will not tell	you	the story	at school	tomorrow

III.In questions, the word order subject-predicate-object is the same as in affirmative sentences. The only thing that`s different is that you usually have to put the auxiliary verb (or the main verb “be”) before the subject. Interrogatives are put at the beginning of the sentences:

Wh-word	Auxiliary	Subject	Other verbs	Indirect object	Direct object	Adverbial modifier of place	Adverbial modifier of time
What	would	you	like to tell	me?
	Did	you	have		a party	in your flat	yesterday?
When	were	you				here?

Auxiliary is not used if you ask for the subject. In this case the interrogative simply takes the place of the subject.

Wh-word	Predicate	Indirect/ Direct object	Adverbial modifier of place	Adverbial modifier of time
Who	asked	you?

IV.The usual position of the object in declarative sentences is after the predicate. The usual position of the attribute expressed by an adjective, noun, pronoun, or participle is before the word it modifies. An adverbial modifier hardly ever separates the direct object from the predicate. It stands either before the predicate or after the direct object.

Helen heard me patiently to the end.

An adverbial modifier of time (now, then, yesterday) is generally placed either at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.

Probably we shall try tomorrow.

Now I will tell her the truth.

An adverbial modifier of place (here, there, behind, above) generally stands either at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.

I didn`t see him here.

An adverbial modifier of frequency (always, never, seldom, usually) is more fixed. As a rule, they precede the main verb in a simple tense form but follow the verb to be and all the modal verbs. In a compound tense form they follow the first auxiliary.

No one ever loved me.

The most frequent position of an adverbial modifier of manner (carefully, slowly) is after the predicate if the verb is intransitive, after the direct object if the verb is transitive.

He drove carefully.

He drove the car carefully. (after the direct object if the verb is transitive)

An adverbial modifier of degree always precedes the predicate; if the verb is in a compound tense-form they follow the first auxiliary.

I entirely agree with you.

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