Hyperbole

Hyperbole - a SD or a trope in which emphasis is achieved through deliberate exaggeration. The feeling and emotions of the speaker are so ruffled that the resorts in his speech to intensifying the quantitative or the qualitative aspect of the mentioned object. (V. A. Kukharenko)

According to Prof. I. R. Galperin Hyperbolealso has the function of intensifying one certain property of the object described. Like many other SDs, hyperbole may lose its quality as a SD through frequent repetition and become a unit of the language-as-a-system, reproduced in speech in its unaltered form. Byron says:

"When people say "I've told you fifty times" They mean to scold, and very often do."

Hyperbole is a device which sharpens the reader's ability to make a logical assessment of the utterance. This is achieved, as is the case with other devices, by awakening the dichotomy of thought and feeling where thought takes the upper hand though not to the detriment of feeling.

Understatement

Understatement(преуменьшение) -according to pr. V. A. Kukharenko takes place when it is directed the opposite way of Hyperbole, when the size, shape, dimensions, characteristic features of the object are not overrated, but intentionally underrated. The mechanism of its creation and functioning is identical with that of hyperbole, and it does not signify the actual state of affairs in reality, but presents the latter through the emotionally coloured perception and rendering of the speaker. It is not the actual diminition or growing of the object that is conveyed by a hyperbole or understatement. It is a transient subjective impression that finds its realization in these SDs. They differ only in the direction of the flow of roused emotions. English is well-known for its preference for understatement in everyday speech - "I am rather annoyed" instead of "I'm infuriated"; "The wind is rather strong" instead of "There is a gale blowing outside" are typical of British people polite speech, but are less characteristic of American English.

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