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Literary; neutral; colloquial

LECTURES

STYLISTICS

Contents

Lecture 1

1. What is Stylistics?

2. Issues of Stylistics

3. Objects of stylistics

a) Functional Styles (FS)

b) Stylistic Devices (SD) & Expressive Means (EM)

4. Branches of Stylistics

a) Comparative Stylistics

b) Decoding Stylistics

c) Functional Stylistics

5. Stylistic classification of the English Vocabulary

a) Galperin’s classification

b) Skrebnev’s classification.

The functions of the language- communicative (primary) and cognitive (secondary).

I. I.Galperin distinguishes 5 styles in English:

1. belles-lettres (Fr.): poetry, emotive prose, drama;

2. publicist style: oratory(art of making speech), essays, articles, etc.

3. newspaper style: brief news items, headlines, advertisements;

4. scientific prose style;

5. official document style

II. I.Arnold singles out 4 styles for the English language:

1. poetic style;

2. scientific style;

3. newspaper style;

4. colloquial style.

III.Y.Skrebnev suggests the most unconventional viewpoint on the number of styles (the number of styles is infinite).

Stylistics is the branch of linguistics which studies the principles and effect of choice and usage of different language elements in rendering thought and emotions under different conditions of communication.

The issuesof stylistics:

1. the aesthetic function of the language;

2. expressive means in the language;

3. synonymous ways of rendering one and the same idea;

4. emotional colouring in the language;

5. a system of special devices called stylistic devices;

6. splitting of the literary language into separate systems called style;

7. the interrelation between language & thought;

8. individual manner of an author in making use of the language.

Objects of Stylistics

Functional Stylistics (FS)

Stylistic Lexicology

Stylistic Phonetics

Stylistic Grammar

a) stylistic morphology

b) stylistic syntax

Stylistic Devices (SD) and Expressive Means (EM).

Branches of Stylistics

a). Comparative Stylistics

b). Decoding Stylistics (L.Shcherba, B.Larin, R.Jackobson, I.Arnold)

Stylistic classification of the English Vocabulary

a) Galperin’s classification

three layers:

literary; neutral; colloquial

The aspect of the literary layer is its bookish character, the aspect of the colloquial layer is its lively spoken character and the aspect of the neutral layer is its universal character.

Literary layer: common literary words – e.g. He is always in extremes; perpetually in the superlative degree.

terms and learned words – e.g. “…don’t you go to him for anything more serious than a pendectomy of the left ear or a strabismus of the cardiograph.

poetic words

archaic words- e.g. …The Lord giveth and He takethaway, Ridges thought solemly.

barbarisms and foreign words (e.g. ad hoc (Lat.)= for this object

neologisms– e.g. Oh, it was the killingest thing you ever saw.

Colloquial layer: common colloquial words

slang – e.g. I’ve often thought you’d make a corking good actress.

jargonisms – The arrangement was to keep in touch by runners and by walkie-talkie.

dialectal words – e.g. “We’ll show Levenford what my clever lass can do. I’m looking ahead, and I can see it. When we’ve made ye the head scholar of the Academy, then you’ll see what your father means to do wi’ you. Butye must stick in to your lessons, stick in hard.”

vulgar words – e.g. “What the hell made you take on a job like that?”

“A regrettable necessity for cash. I can assure you it doesn’t suit my temperament.”

colloquial coinages

Some examples of slang:

kick / kick back (A.E.);

lobster / green thumb (Am.E);

breakfast of champions (Am.E.);

chewed (Am.E);

forks(Am.E.)

grabbers (Am.E.);

five-finger (Am.E.);

shake a leg (B.E.);

sugar daddy (B.E);

X.Y.Z.;

BYOB.

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