Litotes

e.g. It’s a good film= It’s not a bad film.

He’s not without a sense of humour.

It was not unwise to follow the advice.

3. Syntactical SD

1. Anaphora - e.g. Supposing he was killed, supposing he was run over, supposing he had been drowned.

2. Epiphora- e.g. I woke up alone, I walked alone, and returned home alone.

3.Framing - e.g. He ran away from the battle, he hated the war, he didn’t want to kill and be killed, so he ran away from the battle.

4. Anadiplosis-eg. With bewick on my knee I was then happy; happy at last in my own way.

5. Chain repetition - the structure: a...b, b...c, c…d, d…

Parallel construction (parallelism)

e.g. There were real silver spoons to stir the tea with; there were crystal glasses to drink out; there were real china plates to take the sandwiches from.

Partial parallelism

e.g. You know, I’m grateful to him, don’t you? You know I feel respect for him, don’t you?

Stylistic inversion

e.g. They slid down| off he went; down they slid| he went off.

Detachment (detached construction)

e.g. He came into the room, happy.

He felt miserable standing before mother – a true worm.

Chiasmus –

e.g. The curtain went up, down went the lights.

In rushed the messenger, the editor stood up.

Puns are sometimes based on chiasmus:

e.g. Soldiers face powder, girls powder faces.

A handsome man kisses Misses, an ugly one misses kisses.

Ellipses or elliptical sentences

e.g. Oh, with my friends! When?

e.g. The girls were in white and tears, the gentlemen – in high top hats and high spirits.

Question-in-the –narrative

e.g. Scrooge knew he was dead? Of course, he did. How could be otherwise?

Rhetorical question

e.g. Did you help me when I needed help? Did you do anything to lessen my load?

Asyndeton

e.g. James turned away;[because] he had an utter disinclination for talk, like one standing before an open grave watching a coffin slowly lowered.

Polysyndeton –

e.g. The heaviest rain and snow andhail and sleet could boast the advantage over him in only one respect.

4. Graphical Expressive Means

Italics, bold type, capitalization, multiplication, hyphenation, graphon.

Graphon - e.g. Thquire! Your thervant! Thith ith a bad pieth of bithnith; thith ith… …

Squire! Your servant! This is a bad piece of business, this is…

hyphenated spelling: ‘Im-pos-sible!”

italics -She was simply beautiful.

capitalization- I’ll NEVER see him again!

Phonetic EM:

Alliteration

e.g. “Now or never”; “ As good as gold”; ”Last but not the least”; “The Flavour’s Fresher than ever…” (Colgate toothpaste)

onomatopoeiaor sound imitation – “cuckoo”, “buzz”.

Lecture 3

Functional Styles of Speech

I. Literary colloquial style

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