Vocabulary in the process of time

language never remains stable. In the process of time new words appear and the others drop out of ^eTherefore the number of words in a language is not constant. According to this aspect we distinguish obsolet^ '

hisurisms archaisms and neologisms.

Obsolete words are that drop out of the language altogether. The disappearance of words may be c^^u ^ linguistic factors, when a new name is introduced for the notion that continues to exist, e.g. ere — before, =namely, eve=evenins. .Historismsare numerous names for social relations, institutions and objects of material of the past, e.g. battering ram 'an ancient machine for breaking walls ', blazon 'coat of arms '.Archaisms - a word "** no longer in general use but not absolutely obsolete, e.g. bekike=probably, ofttimes-often, ogam=ancient ^irealphabet-ogham. Neologism is any word or set expression, formed according to the productive structural pa"^ borrowed from another language and felt by the speakers as something new.

Phraseology

These language units find different names among scholars: set expressions, idioms (English and American linguists), set phrases (I.V. Arnold), word-equivalents (A.I. Smirnitsky) and phraseological units (Russian linguists).

Phraseological units are word-groups that cannot be made in the process of speech, they exist in the language as ready-made units, and like words they express a single notion.

Criteria to distinguish free word-groups and phraseological units:

1) semantic criterion: free word-groups – each meaningful component stands for a separate concept (e.g. a red flower) phraseological units – convey a single concept (e.g. red tape)

Phraseological units are characterized by different degrees of semantic change:

- semantic change may affect the whole word-group (“complete transferred meaning”) e.g. to skate on thin ice (to take risks), to have one’s heart in one’s boots (to be anxious about smth.)

- semantic change may affect only one of the components of a word-group (“partially transferred meaning”) (e.g. to fall in love)

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