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Prosodic subsystems. Utterance stress.

The special prominence given to one or more words in an utterance is called utterance stress. The subsystem of utterance stress in English includes three basic functional types: nuclear stress, non-nuclear full stress and partial stress.

The main difference between these three types of stress is the difference in how the syllables that bear them are marked. The nuclear syllable is in most cases marked by a kinetic tone and is, therefore, perceived as the most prominent.Non—nuclear fully stressed syllables are more often marked by static tones, both are pitch prominent, both initiate tones. Partially stressed syllables are not pitch prominent, they do not initiate tones and their pitch characteristics depend on the pitch pattern of the preceding fully stressed syllables.

Each type of stress also has different positional variants: e.g. prenuclear and post—nuclear partial stresses. Their acoustic structure is different.

The distribution of stresses in an utterance is also affected by the rhythmical laws of the English language. Due to the rhythmical organization of the utterance notional words may be unstressed, and form words, on the contrary, may be stressed. Stresses in an utterance fulfill the same three functions as other components of prosody: constitutive, distinctive and identificatory. In their constitutive function stresses form the utterance by integrating words . They form the accentual structure of the utterance, which is the basis of its rhythm and part of its prosodic structure. While integrating words into utterances, stresses of different hierarchy segment the speech continuum into rhythmic (accentual) units, intonation groups and utterances, and delimit them one from another thus carrying out the segmentative and delimitative functions. The distinctive function of stresses manifests itself in differentiating utterances as to their meaning, which is conditioned by the position and type of stress. The opposition of degrees of utterance stress carries out a modal—stylistic function.

In its identificatory function utterance stress provides a basis for the hearer's identification of the important parts of the utterance and for his understanding of the content.

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